Imagination of Glass Government Based on the Level of Transparency, Corruption, Public Awareness, and Trust in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences

Background and Purpose: In order to have an imagination of glass government, it is a priority to consider corruption, transparency, trust, and awareness. The present research aimed to model the relationship between the mentioned variables in the hospitals of Mazandaran Medical Science University. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive research. The population included all medical and administrative staff of selected hospitals from east of Mazandaran in 2019, consisting of 4251 persons (1774 male and 2477 females), and the research was carried out on the basis of data from 353 subjects according to Cochran formula by classified sampling fitted to the size of each class. The required data were collected by using standard questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS and AMOS Software. In descriptive statistics, descriptive indicators, such as mean, variance, minimum and maximum and frequency tables, were used and in inferential statistics, the collected data were analyzed by using Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests to check the normality of the data, and path analysis. Results: The findings from confirmative factor analysis showed that transparency had a significant effect on perceived corruption (with standard deviation of 0.32 and T value of 4.814), public awareness (0.22 and 3.284), trust in government (0.23 and 3.303), trust in administrative evolution committee (0.48 and 7.109), perceived corruption on trust in government (0.28 and 4.436), trust in administrative evolution committee (0.33 and 5.483), public awareness on perceived knowledge (0.20 and 3.052), and trust in administrative evolution committee (0.16 and 2.878) and trust in administrative evolution committee had effect on trust in government (0.29 and 3.453), but public awareness had no significant effect on trust in government (0.10 and 1.715). Conclusion: Glass government should pursue reducing corruption at the level of subordinate organizations with more transparency and awareness and by doing so, trust in the government and administrative evolution committees will be achieved.

Nondisjunction in canaries: data of Durham (1926)

The largest controlled breeding experiment with canaries, conducted 70 years ago under the auspices of William Bateson (F. M. Durham and D. C. E. Marryat, 1908. Royal Society of London, Reports to the Evolution Committee, Report 4: 57–60.), involved 1300 birds with either black or pink eye color. The difference is governed by two alleles at the Z-linked cinnamon locus. Crosses between pink-eyed males (bb) and black-eyed females (BW) produced unexpected pink sons and black daughters that are attributed to primary nondisjunction in meiosis II of spermatogenesis. Several interdependent estimates of the incidence of nondisjunction progeny range up to 16 ± 3%. Cytological evidence is lacking for Durham's (F. M. Durham. 1926. J. Get. 17: 19–32.) and other presumptive nondisjunction cases in the contemporary literature comprising canaries, doves, and pigeons.