Chronic Lactiferous Fistula: A Case Report

Lactiferous or milk fistula is a tract between the skin and lactiferous duct. Chronic lactiferous duct is uncommon and generally formed during lactating period. It commonly result from complication of the surgical intervention, such as excision biopsy of breast mass or incision and drainage (I&D) for breast abscess. We reported a case of chronic lactiferous fistula secondary to previous I&D for breast abscess in 31 year old lactating woman.

L-systems from 3D-imaging of Phenotypes of Arborized Structures

Biology is 3D. Therefore, it is important to be able to analyze phenomena in a spatio-temporal manner. Different fields in computational sciences are useful for analysis in biology; i.e. image analysis, pattern recognition and machine learning. To fit an empirical model to a higher abstraction, however, theoretical computer science methods are probed. We explore the construction of empirical 3D graphical models and develop abstractions from these models in L-systems. These systems are provided with a profound formalization in a grammar allowing generalization and exploration of mathematical structures in topologies. The connections between these computational approaches are illustrated by a case study of the development of the lactiferous duct in mice and the phenotypical effects from different environmental conditions we can observe on it. We have constructed a workflow to get 3D models from different experimental conditions and use these models to extract features. Our aim is to construct an abstraction of these 3D models to an L-system from features that we have measured. From our measurements we can make the productions for an L-system. In this manner we can formalize the arborization of the lactiferous duct under different environmental conditions and capture different observations. All considered, this paper illustrates the joint of empirical with theoretical computational sciences and the augmentation of the interpretation of the results. At the same time, it shows a method to analyze complex 3D topologies and produces archetypes for developmental configurations.

L-systems from 3D-imaging of Phenotypes of Arborized Structures

Biology is 3D. Therefore, it is important to be able to analyze phenomena in a spatiotemporal manner. Different fields in computational sciences are useful for analysis in biology; i.e. image analysis, pattern recognition and machine learning. To fit an empirical model to a higher abstraction, however, theoretical computer science methods are probed. We explore the construction of empirical 3D graphical models and develop abstractions from these models in L-systems. These systems are provided with a profound formalization in a grammar allowing generalization and exploration of mathematical structures in topologies. The connections between these computational approaches are illustrated by a case study of the development of the lactiferous duct in mice and the phenotypical effects from different environmental conditions we can observe on it. We have constructed a workflow to get 3D models from different experimental conditions and use these models to extract features. Our aim is to construct an abstraction of these 3D models to an L-system from features that we have measured. From our measurements we can make the productions for an L-system. In this manner we can formalize the arborization of the lactiferous duct under different environmental conditions and capture different observations. All considered, this paper illustrates the joint of empirical with theoretical computational sciences and the augmentation of the interpretation of the results. At the same time, it shows a method to analyze complex 3D topologies and produces archetypes for developmental configurations.

Mammary Fistula - From Concept to Reality

Breast fistula belongs to the group of chronic mammary suppuration,one pathology marked by several reappearance,apparently without a cause, which raise many problems both for the patient and surgeon. One characteristic of this pathology is the microbial mammary abcess which untreated develops into fistula. The possibility of uninfectious mastitis less specified it's still the most usual reason for mastitis. This thing rise questions regarding clinics, pathology and treatment. This were relyes on a retrospective and prospective study of a number of 55 cases represented by patients with mammary infections which were diagnosed and surgicaly treated in Surgery Clinic of the Constanta County Hospital between 2014-2018. Mammary fistulas that appear as a consequence of amicrobial breast abscesses are characterized by multiple recurrences, even if they are treated by surgery through excision of the fistulous path. Numerous studies are trying to elucidate the cause of this pathology. There are many hypotheses, but from the studies we have found that smoking is an important etiological factor, having toxic effect through double mechanism : • directly - on the retroareolar lactiferous duct. • indirectly – hormonally, by stimulating lacteous secretion. Both hypotheses explain why this condition is recurrent. Treatment of mammary fistulas requires both smoking cessation and proper surgical treatment. Studies have shown that a simple excision of the fistula tract is not sufficient and leads to recurrences. A wide, sectoral intervention must be practiced, with excision taking the ductal branches that underlie the recurrences.