scholarly journals L-systems from 3D-imaging of Phenotypes of Arborized Structures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fons J. Verbeek ◽  
Lu Cao
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Models ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Theoretical Computer Science ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
L System ◽  
Computational Sciences ◽  
L Systems ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Lactiferous Duct

Biology is 3D. Therefore, it is important to be able to analyze phenomena in a spatio-temporal manner. Different fields in computational sciences are useful for analysis in biology; i.e. image analysis, pattern recognition and machine learning. To fit an empirical model to a higher abstraction, however, theoretical computer science methods are probed. We explore the construction of empirical 3D graphical models and develop abstractions from these models in L-systems. These systems are provided with a profound formalization in a grammar allowing generalization and exploration of mathematical structures in topologies. The connections between these computational approaches are illustrated by a case study of the development of the lactiferous duct in mice and the phenotypical effects from different environmental conditions we can observe on it. We have constructed a workflow to get 3D models from different experimental conditions and use these models to extract features. Our aim is to construct an abstraction of these 3D models to an L-system from features that we have measured. From our measurements we can make the productions for an L-system. In this manner we can formalize the arborization of the lactiferous duct under different environmental conditions and capture different observations. All considered, this paper illustrates the joint of empirical with theoretical computational sciences and the augmentation of the interpretation of the results. At the same time, it shows a method to analyze complex 3D topologies and produces archetypes for developmental configurations.

scholarly journals L-systems from 3D-imaging of Phenotypes of Arborized Structures

2020 ◽  
Vol 175 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 327-345
Author(s):  
Fons J. Verbeek ◽  
Lu Cao
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Models ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Theoretical Computer Science ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Mathematical Structures ◽  
L System ◽  
Computational Sciences ◽  
L Systems ◽  
Lactiferous Duct

Biology is 3D. Therefore, it is important to be able to analyze phenomena in a spatiotemporal manner. Different fields in computational sciences are useful for analysis in biology; i.e. image analysis, pattern recognition and machine learning. To fit an empirical model to a higher abstraction, however, theoretical computer science methods are probed. We explore the construction of empirical 3D graphical models and develop abstractions from these models in L-systems. These systems are provided with a profound formalization in a grammar allowing generalization and exploration of mathematical structures in topologies. The connections between these computational approaches are illustrated by a case study of the development of the lactiferous duct in mice and the phenotypical effects from different environmental conditions we can observe on it. We have constructed a workflow to get 3D models from different experimental conditions and use these models to extract features. Our aim is to construct an abstraction of these 3D models to an L-system from features that we have measured. From our measurements we can make the productions for an L-system. In this manner we can formalize the arborization of the lactiferous duct under different environmental conditions and capture different observations. All considered, this paper illustrates the joint of empirical with theoretical computational sciences and the augmentation of the interpretation of the results. At the same time, it shows a method to analyze complex 3D topologies and produces archetypes for developmental configurations.

Optimal Land Use Analysis Using Lindenmayer Grammars

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-175
Author(s):  
Urszula Żukowska ◽  
Grażyna Kalewska
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Computer Program ◽  
L System ◽  
L Systems ◽  
The City

In today's world, when it is so important to use every piece of land for a particular purpose, both economically and ecologically, identifying optimal land use is a key issue. For this reason, an analysis of the optimal land use in a section of the city of Olsztyn, using the L-system Urban Development computer program, was chosen as the aim of this paper. The program uses the theories of L-systems and the cartographic method to obtain results in the form of sequences of productions or maps. For this reason, the first chapters outline both theories, i.e. the cartographic method to identify optimal land use and Lindenmayer grammars (called L-systems). An analysis based on a fragment of the map of Olsztyn was then carried out. Two functions were selected for the analysis: agricultural and forest-industrial. The results are presented as maps and sequences in individual steps.

Proximate Composition and Spatio-temporal Heterogeneity of Phytochemicals in Agave sisalana (sisal) adapted in different agro-ecological zones of Punjab, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sobia Shahzad ◽  
Mumtaz Hussain ◽  
Hassan Munir ◽  
Muhammad Arfan
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Autumn Season ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract Exploring extractable phytochemicals from locally adapted sisal plant vegetation vary seasonally at different locations. This study elaborated proximate composition and phytochemical heterogeneity in sisal due to varying environmental conditions analyzed from five districts, i.e., Chakwal, Khushab, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, and Layyah in Punjab, Pakistan. Extensive surveying and plant sampling across two years 2017-18 and 2018-19, during mid-spring, summer, autumn, and winter seasons were carried out for understanding the seasonal impact on sisal. The present study was designed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and analyzed considering seasonal, yearly, and locational impact. The spatial differences in phytochemicals concentration were strongly associated with environmental conditions prevailing in different seasons. Autumn season reflected saponins, tannins, and flavonoids in higher concentrations during 2018-19 while steroids and terpenoids were higher during spring 2018-19. While Spatio-temporal variations in the proximate analysis were more apparent in different samples collected from different districts. Data recorded for the Khushab district and autumn season reflected the higher composition of a proximate analysis and phytochemical contents as compared to other seasons. Overall, the spatial differences in phytochemicals concentration were strongly associated with soils and environmental conditions prevailing in different seasons in selected districts.

The Effects of Adverse Environmental Conditions on Workload

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-304
Author(s):  
Ann E. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Random Numbers ◽  
Performance Decrement ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Continuous Noise ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
Intermittent Noise

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of environmental conditions on visual workload. The environmental variables used were temperature, studied at levels of 45°F., WBGT, and 95°F., WBGT; and noise, studied at 83 dBA intermittent noise and 93 dBA continuous noise. Workload was defined as the amount of attention demanded from an operator as measured by performance decrement on a secondary task while performing a primary and secondary task simultaneously. The secondary task was reading random numbers, and the primary task was reading word lists. Significant differences (p<.05) were found between the control condition and all experimental conditions. The low temperature and high temperature-continuous noise conditions were significantly different from the other conditions. Noise and temperature were found to significantly increase workload (p<05).

scholarly journals Image-Based Modeling from a High -Resolution Route Panorama

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Ryuji Shibata ◽  
Hajime Nagahara
Keyword(s):  
Belief Propagation ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Single Image ◽  
Multiple Viewpoints ◽  
Modeling Methods ◽  
Image Based Modeling ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Scene Depth ◽  
Route Panorama

Image-based modeling methods for generating 3D models from an image sequence have been widely studied. Most of these methods, however, require huge redundant spatio-temporal images to estimate scene depth. This is not an effective use of capturing higher resolution texture. On the other hand, a route panorama, which is a continuous panoramic image along a path, is an efficient way of consolidating information from multiple viewpoints into a single image. A route panorama captured by a line camera also has the advantage of capturing higher resolution easily. In this paper, we propose a method for estimating the depth of an image from a route panorama using color drifts. The proposed method detects color drift by deformable window matching of the color channels. It also uses a hierarchical belief propagation to estimate the depth stably and decrease the computation cost thereof.

Synthesis and Structural Systematics of Nitrogen Base Adducts of Group 2 Salts. VII. Some Complexes of Group 2 Metal Halides With Aromatic N,N'-Bidentate Ligands

1996 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
BW Skelton ◽  
AF Waters ◽  
AH White
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Bidentate Ligands ◽  
Nitrogen Base ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
L System ◽  
L Systems ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Structural Characterizations

Syntheses and room-temperature single-crystal X-ray structural characterizations are recorded for a number of adducts of Group 2 halides with the aromatic N,N′- bidentate ligands L = 2,2'-bipyridine ( bpy ) and 1,10-phenanthroline ( phen ). One adduct of 1 : 1 MX2/L stoichiometry is recorded: [( bpy )Ca(μ-Br)(4/2)](∞ ׀ ∞) (1) is monoclinic, C 2/c, a l7.102(5), b 9.845(1), c 7.600(2) Ǻ, β 107.65(2)°, Z = 4 f.u .; conventional R on #1472; F ׀ at convergence was 0.057 for No 817 independent 'observed' ( I > 3σ(I)) reflections, the compound being a one-dimensional polymer… CaL (μ-Br)2CaL(μ-Br)2…, with six-coordinate calcium, cis-CaN2(μ-Br)4, on a twofold axis. 1 : 2 MX2/L systems have been described for two types of array: [( bpy )2CaI2] (2), orthorhombic, Pnca, a 16.914(4), b 13.80(1), c 9.290(4) Ǻ, Z = 4 f.u .; R 0.039 for No 1738, is discrete mononuclear, containing cis-CaN4I2 six-coordinate calcium, whereas the barium analogue is an infinite one-dimensional polymer, [( bpy )2Ba(μ-I)(4/2)](∞׀ ∞) (3), triclinic, Pī, a 11.318(2), b 11.078(2), c 9.206(4) Ǻ, α 80.87(2), β 77.52(2), γ 87.53(1)°, Z = 2 f.u .; R 0.032 for No 4154, with eight-coordinate (N2)2Ba(μ-I)4. The perchlorate analogue, [( bpy )2Ba(μ-OClO2O)(4/2)](∞ ׀ ∞) (4), although of similar stoichiometry, has a trans-rather than a cis-linked chain; it is monoclinic, P 21/c, a 6.606(2), b 18.661(7), c 19.440(8) Ǻ, β 109.45(4)°, Z = 4 f.u .; R 0.044 for No 4060, with μ-I replaced by O,O'-ClO4 bridging units and eight-coordinate barium, (N2)2BaO4. The 1 : 3 MX2/L system is represented (as its hemi( bipyridine ) 'solvate') by mononuclear [( bpy )3SrI2].0.5bpy (5), monoclinic, P 21/c, a 20.834(8), b 9.735(4), c 18.460(7) Ǻ, β 114.87(3)°, Z = 4 f.u .; R 0.039 for No 3711, containing eight-coordinate strontium, [(N2)3SrI2]; there is also an isomorphous calcium/ perchlorate analogue [( bpy )3Ca(OClO3)2].0.5bpy (6), a 21.413(6), b 9.813(4), c 18.659(2) Ǻ, β 115.67(2)°, R 0.057 for No 3090, in which unidentate O-ClO4 ligands replace the iodine about the metal atom. A 1 : 4 adduct is obtained with CaI2/phen; ionic [Ca( phen )4] I2 (7), triclinic, Pī , a 14.703(3), b 13.292(3), c 11.38(1) Ǻ, α 92.78(4), β 96.15(4), γ 105.22(2)°, Z = 2 f.u ., R 0.053 for No 3658, contains eight-coordinate Ca(N2)4 arrays, while the novel 1 : 5 adduct [ Ba ( phen )4] I2.MeCN (8) is triclinic, Pī , a 12.170(6), b 13.760(7), c 18 254(8) Ǻ, α 77.05(9), ,β 71.96(4), γ 70.83(9)°, Z = 2 f.u ., R 0.040 for No 4447, containing 10-coordinate barium, [ Ba (N2)5]. A 1 : 4 adduct formed with BaBr2 is [ BrBa( phen )4] Br.MeOH (9), triclinic, Pī , a 17.748(4), b 17.418(2), c 15.535(7) Ǻ, α 91.63(2), β 100.53(3), γ 115.39(1)°, Z = 4 f.u ., R 0.062 for No 4092, containing nine-coordinate barium, [ BrBa (N2)4].

Modeling Environmental Impacts on Viticultural Ecosystems

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Cyril Tissot ◽  
Etienne Neethling ◽  
Mathias Rouan ◽  
Gérard Barbeau ◽  
Hervé Quénol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Temporal Data ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Knowledge Database ◽  
Behavioral Dynamics ◽  
Regulatory Data ◽  
Temporal Data Models ◽  
Spatio Temporal

This paper focuses on simulating environmental impacts on grapevine behavioral dynamics and vineyard management strategies. The methodology presented uses technology from geomatics object oriented databases and spatio-temporal data models. Our approach has two principle objectives, first, to simulate grapevine phenology and grape ripening under spatial and temporal environmental conditions and constraints and secondly, to simulate viticultural practices and adaptation strategies under various constraints (environmental, economical, socio-technical). The approach is based on a responsive agent-based structure where environmental conditions and constraints are considered as a set of forcing data (biophysical, socio-economic and regulatory data) that influences the modelled activities. The experiment was conducted in the regulated wine producing appellation Grand Cru “Quarts de Chaume”, situated in the middle Loire Valley, France. All of the methodology, from the implementation of the knowledge database to the analysis of the first simulation, is presented in this paper.

Graphical Models for Representation and Recognition of Human Actions

2010 ◽  
pp. 31-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep Natarajan ◽  
Ramakant Nevatia
Keyword(s):  
Action Recognition ◽  
Graphical Models ◽  
Video Processing ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Training Data ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Human Actions ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Representation Scheme

Building a system for recognition of human actions from video involves two key problems - 1) designing suitable low-level features that are both efficient to extract from videos and are capable of distinguishing between events 2) developing a suitable representation scheme that can bridge the large gap between low-level features and high-level event concepts, and also handle the uncertainty and errors inherent in any low-level video processing. Graphical models provide a natural framework for representing state transitions in events and also the spatio-temporal constraints between the actors and events. Hidden Markov models(HMMs) have been widely used in several action recognition applications but the basic representation has three key deficiencies: These include unrealistic models for the duration of a sub-event, not encoding interactions among multiple agents directly and not modeling the inherent hierarchical organization of these activities. Several extensions have been proposed to address one or more of these issues and have been successfully applied in various gesture and action recognition domains. More recently, conditionalrandomfields (CRF) are becoming increasingly popular since they allow complex potential functions for modeling observations and state transitions, and also produce superior performance to HMMs when sufficient training data is available. The authors will first review the various extension of these graphical models, then present the theory of inference and learning in them and finally discuss their applications in various domains.

scholarly journals Amblyomma nodosum (Neumann, 1899): observations on life cycle under laboratory conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele da Costa Pinheiro ◽  
Elizabete Captivo Lourenço ◽  
Iwine Joyce Barbosa de Sá-Hungaro ◽  
Kátia Maria Famadas
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Natural Hosts

The natural hosts of Amblyomma nodosum in the immature stages are a variety of birds and the anteater in the adult stage. However, so far no data have been published about this tick’s life cycle. To fill this gap, a record was made of its development under laboratory conditions. All the procedures were controlled in a BOD chamber set at 27±1 °C and 80±10% relative humidity and scotophase. The parasitic stages were raised on rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus Linnaeus, 1758), from which more than 50% of larvae and nymphs were recovered, although only a small portion performed ecdysis. The adults did not fixed on the rabbits, which suggests that the experimental conditions were unsuitable for the requirements of this species. The data obtained here indicate that A. nodosum is highly dependent on its host and environment whereas under laboratory conditions and host chosen for the study was not obtained satisfactory results and new studies with different hosts and new environmental conditions should be elaborated.

scholarly journals Analysis of spatio-temporal fungal growth dynamics under different environmental conditions

IMA Fungus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselotte De Ligne ◽  
Guillermo Vidal-Diez de Ulzurrun ◽  
Jan M. Baetens ◽  
Jan Van den Bulcke ◽  
Joris Van Acker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Spatio Temporal
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