Red blood cell mass and plasma volume changes in manned space flight

JAMA ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 200 (7) ◽  
pp. 579-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Space Flight ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Manned Space Flight ◽  
Manned Space

Blood Volume Changes during Three-Week Residence at High Altitude

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
L G Myhre ◽  
D B Dill ◽  
F G Hall ◽  
D K Brown
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Cell Volumes

Abstract Circulating red blood cell volumes were determined by the carbon monoxide method, and plasma volumes were calculated in four men 20, 29, 71, and 75 years old, and two women 29 years of age before, during, and after exposure to an altitude of 3800 m. In the four youngest subjects there were early increases in hemoglobin concentration during the first days at the stated altitude attributed to decreases in plasma volume. At the same time, hemoglobin concentration decreased and plasma volume increased in the oldest subject. Red cell volumes were slow to change, and it was concluded that 3 weeks or more of exposure to this altitude are required to affect significantly the red cell volume in man.

Control of red blood cell mass in spaceflight

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Alfrey ◽  
M. M. Udden ◽  
C. Leach-Huntoon ◽  
T. Driscoll ◽  
M. H. Pickett
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Microgravity Environment ◽  
Vascular Space ◽  
Serum Erythropoietin ◽  
Rbc Count

The effect of spaceflight on red blood cell mass (RBCM), plasma volume (PV), erythron iron turnover, serum erythropoietin, and red blood cell (RBC) production and survival and indexes were determined for six astronauts on two shuttle missions, 9 and 14 days in duration, respectively. PV decreased within the first day. RBCM decreased because of destruction of RBCs either newly released or scheduled to be released from the bone marrow. Older RBCs survived normally. On return to Earth, plasma volume increased, hemoglobin concentration and RBC count declined, and serum erythropoietin increased. We propose that entry into microgravity results in acute plethora as a result of a decrease in vascular space. PV decreases, causing an increase in hemoglobin concentration that effects a decrease in erythropoietin or other growth factors or cytokines. The RBCM decreases by destruction of recently formed RBCs to a level appropriate for the microgravity environment. Return to Earth results sequentially in acute hypovolemia as vascular space dependent on gravity is refilled, an increase in plasma volume, a decrease in hemoglobin concentration (anemia), and an increase in serum erythropoietin.

scholarly journals Interleukin-6-associated anemia: determination of the underlying mechanism

Blood ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 1288-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
MB Atkins ◽  
K Kappler ◽  
JW Mier ◽  
RE Isaacs ◽  
EM Berkman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Hematocrit Level ◽  
Phase Ii Trials ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
The Mean

Recombinant human interleukin-6 (rhIL-6) is a pluripotent cytokine with proinflammatory, antitumor, and growth factor effects. Clinical investigations of rhIL-6 either alone as immunotherapy or as a colony- stimulating factor in conjunction with chemotherapy have shown a dose- dependent, rapid onset, and largely reversible decrease in venous hematocrit levels. In an effort to determine the mechanism for the rhIL- 6-associated anemia, we measured red blood cell volume serially in patients receiving rhIL-6 at either 30 micrograms/kg/day as a 120-hour continuous intravenous infusion (renal cell carcinoma) or 100 micrograms/kg/d intravenously over 1 hour for 5 days (melanoma) as part of two separate phase II trials. Radioisotope dilution assays with 51Cr- labeled autologous red blood cells and hemolysis screens were performed on day 1 before the initiation of therapy and on day 5 shortly before the end of therapy. In the 6 patients studied, the mean decrease in hemoglobin concentration was 1.9 +/- 0.94 g/dL. The mean decrease in the hematocrit level was 6% +/- 2% and the mean increase in total blood volume was 731 +/- 337 mL. These changes were explained by a mean decrease in red blood mass of 106 +/- 109 mL and a mean increase in plasma volume of 743 +/- 289 mL. The decrease in red blood cell mass was largely explained by phlebotomy during the hospitalization, but was not statistically significant (paired t-test, P = .06). All other changes were statistically significant (P < .05). Simple regression analysis indicated that the decrease in hematocrit level and increase in plasma volume were related (y = -1.78 - .0066X; R = -.74). Measurements of lactate dehydrogenase, bilirubin, haptoglobin, and reticulocyte counts and serial stool hemoccults did not indicate hemolysis or blood loss. We conclude that the anemia caused by IL-6 is caused by an increase in plasma volume.

Serum immunoreactive erythropoietin and red blood cell mass during pregnancy in conscious rats

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (2) ◽  
pp. R399-R403 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. O. Del Valle ◽  
M. D. Mosher ◽  
K. P. Conrad
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
P Value ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Serum Erythropoietin ◽  
In Pregnancy

Serum erythropoietin concentration increases during human pregnancy and presumably accounts for expansion of red blood cell mass. The mechanism(s) underlying gestational changes of serum erythropoietin are unknown. Moreover, if erythropoietin synthesis increases, then the organ(s) questions about erythropoietin in pregnancy, we first set out to establish an animal model. Chronically instrumented, conscious unrestrained rats were studied. 51Cr-labeled red blood cells and radioimmunoassay were used to assess red blood cell mass and serum erythropoietin, respectively. Except for a lower hematocrit (P < 0.05 vs. virgin rats) and a slightly higher plasma volume (P value not significant) for gravid rats on gestational day 6, all other variables measured in early pregnancy rats were comparable to those measured in virgin control animals. Significant increases in total blood volume, plasma volume, and red blood cell mass were observed by gestational day 13 (midpregnancy) when compared with virgin control rats. These changes were even more pronounced on gestational day 20. Serum immunoreactive erythropoietin was also significantly increased at both of these stages of pregnancy. We conclude that the gravid rat is a reliable animal model of human gestation in which to further investigate erythropoietin in pregnancy.

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