Extension of the classical linear slip model for fluid-saturated fractures: Accounting for fluid pressure diffusion effects

2017 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 1302-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás D. Barbosa ◽  
J. Germán Rubino ◽  
Eva Caspari ◽  
Klaus Holliger
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Slip Model ◽  
Pressure Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Effects ◽  
Linear Slip Model

scholarly journals Fluid pressure diffusion effects on the seismic reflectivity of a single fracture

2016 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 2554-2570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás D. Barbosa ◽  
J. Germán Rubino ◽  
Eva Caspari ◽  
Marco Milani ◽  
Klaus Holliger
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Single Fracture ◽  
Pressure Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Effects ◽  
Seismic Reflectivity

Effects of fracture connectivity on Rayleigh wave velocity dispersion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Quiroga ◽  
J. Germán Rubino ◽  
Santiago Solazzi ◽  
Nicolás Barbosa ◽  
Klaus Holliger
Keyword(s):  
Rayleigh Wave ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Velocity Dispersion ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Rayleigh Wave Velocity ◽  
Geothermal Reservoirs ◽  
Pressure Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Effects ◽  
Wave Induced ◽  
Granitic Layer

<p>The use of passive seismic techniques to monitor geothermal reservoirs allows to assess the risks associated with their exploitation and stimulation. One key characteristic of geothermal reservoirs is the degree of fracture connectivity and its evolution. The reason for this is that changes in the interconnectivity of the prevailing fractures affect the permeability and, thus, the productivity of the system. An increasing number of studies indicates that the Rayleigh wave velocity can be sensitive to changes in the mechanical and hydraulic properties of geothermal reservoirs. In this work, we explore the effects of fracture connectivity on Rayleigh wave velocity dispersion accounting for wave-induced fluid pressure diffusion effects. To this end, we consider a 1D layered model consisting of a surficial sandstone formation overlying a fractured and water-saturated granitic layer, which, in turn, is underlain by a compact granitic half-space. For the stochastic fracture network prevailing in the upper granitic layer, we consider varying levels of fracture connectivity, ranging from entirely unconnected to fully interconnected. We use an upscaling approach based on Biot’s poroelasticity theory to determine the effective properties associated with these scenarios. This procedure allows to obtain the frequency-dependent seismic body wave velocities accounting for fluid pressure diffusion effects. Finally, using these parameters, we compute the corresponding Rayleigh wave velocity dispersion. Our results show that Rayleigh wave phase and group velocities exhibit a significant sensitivity to the degree of fracture connectivity, which is mainly due to a reduction of the stiffening effect of the fluid residing in connected fractures in response to wave-induced fluid pressure diffusion. This suggests that time-lapse observations of Rayleigh wave velocity changes, which so far are commonly associated with changes in the fracture density, could also be related to changes in the interconnectivity of pre-existing fractures.</p>

Seismic wave attenuation due to fluid pressure diffusion at the mesoscopic scale: an experimental and numerical study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Chapman ◽  
Jan V. M. Borgomano ◽  
Beatriz Quintal ◽  
Sally M. Benson ◽  
Jerome Fortin
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Wave ◽  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Wave Attenuation ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Fluid Distribution ◽  
Mesoscopic Scale ◽  
Seismic Wave Attenuation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pressure Diffusion ◽  
Attenuation And Dispersion

<p>Monitoring of the subsurface with seismic methods can be improved by better understanding the attenuation of seismic waves due to fluid pressure diffusion (FPD). In porous rocks saturated with multiple fluid phases the attenuation of seismic waves by FPD is sensitive to the mesoscopic scale distribution of the respective fluids. The relationship between fluid distribution and seismic wave attenuation could be used, for example, to assess the effectiveness of residual trapping of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the subsurface. Determining such relationships requires validating models of FPD with accurate laboratory measurements of seismic wave attenuation and modulus dispersion over a broad frequency range, and, in addition, characterising the fluid distribution during experiments. To address this challenge, experiments were performed on a Berea sandstone sample in which the exsolution of CO2 from water in the pore space of the sample was induced by a reduction in pore pressure. The fluid distribution was determined with X-ray computed tomography (CT) in a first set of experiments. The CO2 exosolved predominantly near the outlet, resulting in a heterogeneous fluid distribution along the sample length. In a second set of experiments, at similar pressure and temperature conditions, the forced oscillation method was used to measure the attenuation and modulus dispersion in the partially saturated sample over a broad frequency range (0.1 - 1000 Hz). Significant P-wave attenuation and dispersion was observed, while S-wave attenuation and dispersion were negligible. These observations suggest that the dominant mechanism of attenuation and dispersion was FPD. The attenuation and dispersion by FPD was subsequently modelled by solving Biot’s quasi-static equations of poroelasticity with the finite element method. The fluid saturation distribution determined from the X-ray CT was used in combination with a Reuss average to define a single phase effective fluid bulk modulus. The numerical solutions agree well with the attenuation and modulus dispersion measured in the laboratory, supporting the interpretation that attenuation and dispersion was due to FPD occurring in the heterogenous distribution of the coexisting fluids. The numerical simulations have the advantage that the models can easily be improved by including sub-core scale porosity and permeability distributions, which can also be determined using X-ray CT. In the future this could allow for conducting experiments on heterogenous samples.</p>

Monitoring the width of hydraulic fractures with acoustic waves

Geophysics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen Groenenboom ◽  
Jacob T. Fokkema
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracture ◽  
Acoustic Waves ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Hydraulic Fractures ◽  
Slip Model ◽  
Layer Model ◽  
Incident Wavelength ◽  
Linear Slip Model

During scaled hydraulic fracturing experiments in our laboratory, the fracture growth process is monitored in a time‐lapse experiment with ultrasonic waves. We observe dispersion of compressional waves that have propagated across the hydraulic fracture. This dispersion appears to be related to the width of the hydraulic fracture. This means that we can apply the dispersion measurements to monitor the width of the hydraulic fracture in an indirect manner. For a direct determination of the width, the resolution of the signal is required to distinguish the reflections that are related with two distinct fluid/solid interfaces delimiting the hydraulic fracture from its solid embedding. To make this distinction, the solid/fluid interfaces must be separated at least one eighth of a wavelength and represent sufficient impedance contrast. The applicability of the indirect dispersion measurement method however, extends to a fracture width that is in the order of 1% of the incident wavelength. The time‐lapse ultrasonic measurements allow us to relate the small difference in arrival time and amplitude between two measurements solely to the small changes in the width of the fracture. Additional experimental data show that shear waves are completely shadowed by hydraulic fractures, indicating that there is no acoustic contact mechanism at the fracture interface. Therefore we think it is appropriate to use a thin fluid‐filled layer model for these hydraulic fractures instead of the standard empirically oriented linear slip model. Nevertheless, the thin layer model is consistent with the linear‐slip model, if interpreted correctly. A comparison of width measurements inside the wellbore and width estimates by means of dispersion measurements close to the wellbore shows that the method can be successfully applied, at least under laboratory conditions, and that small changes in the width of the fracture are directly expressed in the dispersion of the transmitted signal. This opens the way for the important new application of width monitoring of hydraulic fractures.

scholarly journals Control of pore fluid pressure diffusion on fault failure mode: Insights from the 2009 L'Aquila seismic sequence

2012 ◽  
Vol 117 (B5) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Malagnini ◽  
Francesco Pio Lucente ◽  
Pasquale De Gori ◽  
Aybige Akinci ◽  
Irene Munafo'
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mode ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Pore Fluid ◽  
Seismic Sequence ◽  
Pore Fluid Pressure ◽  
Pressure Diffusion

scholarly journals Maturity of nearby faults influences seismic hazard from hydraulic fracturing

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (8) ◽  
pp. E1720-E1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Kozłowska ◽  
Michael R. Brudzinski ◽  
Paul Friberg ◽  
Robert J. Skoumal ◽  
Nicholas D. Baxter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Stress Transfer ◽  
Induced Earthquakes ◽  
Geologic History ◽  
B Values ◽  
Pressure Diffusion ◽  
Hydrologic Connections ◽  
Paleozoic Rocks ◽  
High Pressure Injection

Understanding the causes of human-induced earthquakes is paramount to reducing societal risk. We investigated five cases of seismicity associated with hydraulic fracturing (HF) in Ohio since 2013 that, because of their isolation from other injection activities, provide an ideal setting for studying the relations between high-pressure injection and earthquakes. Our analysis revealed two distinct groups: (i) deeper earthquakes in the Precambrian basement, with larger magnitudes (M > 2), b-values < 1, and many post–shut-in earthquakes, versus (ii) shallower earthquakes in Paleozoic rocks ∼400 m below HF, with smaller magnitudes (M < 1), b-values > 1.5, and few post–shut-in earthquakes. Based on geologic history, laboratory experiments, and fault modeling, we interpret the deep seismicity as slip on more mature faults in older crystalline rocks and the shallow seismicity as slip on immature faults in younger sedimentary rocks. This suggests that HF inducing deeper seismicity may pose higher seismic hazards. Wells inducing deeper seismicity produced more water than wells with shallow seismicity, indicating more extensive hydrologic connections outside the target formation, consistent with pore pressure diffusion influencing seismicity. However, for both groups, the 2 to 3 h between onset of HF and seismicity is too short for typical fluid pressure diffusion rates across distances of ∼1 km and argues for poroelastic stress transfer also having a primary influence on seismicity.

scholarly journals Fluid pressure diffusion effects on the excess compliance matrix of porous rocks containing aligned fractures

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (1) ◽  
pp. 715-733
Author(s):  
Gabriel A Castromán ◽  
Nicolás D Barbosa ◽  
J Germán Rubino ◽  
Fabio I Zyserman ◽  
Klaus Holliger
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Velocity ◽  
Fractured Rock ◽  
Finite Thickness ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Porous Rocks ◽  
Compliance Matrix ◽  
Pressure Diffusion ◽  
Reservoir Permeability ◽  
Wide Range

SUMMARY The presence of sets of open fractures is common in most reservoirs, and they exert important controls on the reservoir permeability as fractures act as preferential pathways for fluid flow. Therefore, the correct characterization of fracture sets in fluid-saturated rocks is of great practical importance. In this context, the inversion of fracture characteristics from seismic data is promising since their signatures are sensitive to a wide range of pertinent fracture parameters, such as density, orientation and fluid infill. The most commonly used inversion schemes are based on the classical linear slip theory (LST), in which the effects of the fractures are represented by a real-valued diagonal excess compliance matrix. To account for the effects of wave-induced fluid pressure diffusion (FPD) between fractures and their embedding background, several authors have shown that this matrix should be complex-valued and frequency-dependent. However, these approaches neglect the effects of FPD on the coupling between orthogonal deformations of the rock. With this motivation, we considered a fracture model based on a sequence of alternating poroelastic layers of finite thickness representing the background and the fractures, and derived analytical expressions for the corresponding excess compliance matrix. We evaluated this matrix for a wide range of background parameters to quantify the magnitude of its coefficients not accounted for by the classical LST and to determine how they are affected by FPD. We estimated the relative errors in the computation of anisotropic seismic velocity and attenuation associated with the LST approach. Our analysis showed that, in some cases, considering the simplified excess compliance matrix may lead to an incorrect representation of the anisotropic response of the probed fractured rock.

Permeability inversion using induced microseismicity: A case study for the Longmaxi shale gas reservoir

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. SG21-SG31
Author(s):  
Yadong Zhang ◽  
Reza Rezaee ◽  
Tobias M. Müller ◽  
Guangjie Zheng ◽  
Jimmy X. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shale Gas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reservoir Characterization ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Kriging Interpolation ◽  
Gas Reservoir ◽  
Shale Gas Reservoir ◽  
Pressure Diffusion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Longmaxi Shale

We have predicted the flow permeability and its spatial distribution for the Longmaxi shale gas reservoir using microseismicity induced during hydraulic-fracturing stimulation. In the time-of-occurrence versus distance-from-injector plot, we find that microseismic points exhibit a parabolic envelope, which we interpret as a triggering front. This reveals that fluid pressure diffusion is at least one of the underlying mechanisms of microseismicity generation. We derive the large-scale equivalent diffusivity from the triggering front plot and thereafter obtain a 3D diffusivity map of the heterogeneous reservoir by solving an eikonal-like equation suggested previously. During this process, we apply kriging interpolation to increase the density of sparsely distributed microseismic points. The resulting diffusivity ranges between 1.0 and [Formula: see text] with the peak probability attained at [Formula: see text], which is consistent with the estimate we obtain from the triggering front analysis. We transform the diffusivity map into a permeability map using three different theories of fluid pressure diffusion in porous media: the seismicity-based reservoir characterization method (SBRC) based on Biot’s theory of poroelasticity, the quasirigid medium approximation (QRMA), and the deformable medium approximation (DMA) based on the de la Cruz-Spanos theory. The permeability according to QRMA is slightly higher than that from SBRC, yet we observe no significant difference. However, these estimates are by one order of magnitude higher compared with the permeability estimate from DMA. Furthermore, the permeability from all three theories is much higher than that from previously reported core sample measurements. We interpret this as the difference between large-scale equivalent and matrix permeability and therefore lend weight to the hypothesis that there exist highly conducting fluid pathways, such as natural fractures.

Shallow Faults Reactivated by Hydraulic Fracturing: The 2019 Weiyuan Earthquake Sequences in Sichuan, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 3171-3181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maomao Wang ◽  
Hongfeng Yang ◽  
Lihua Fang ◽  
Libo Han ◽  
Dong Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Sichuan Basin ◽  
Sedimentary Cover ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Induced Earthquakes ◽  
Coupled Flow ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Pressure Diffusion ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Human activity-induced earthquakes are emerging as a global issue, and revealing its underlying mechanisms is essential for earthquake hazard mitigation and energy development. We investigated the relationship between the seismotectonic model and seismic sequences from moderate Mw 4.3 and Mw 5.2 earthquakes that occurred in February and September 2019, respectively, in the Weiyuan anticline of Sichuan basin, China. We found that the Mw 5.2 earthquake ruptured a back thrust of structural wedges and released most aftershocks near the wedge tip. However, the two foreshocks of the Mw 4.3 earthquake sequence occurred in hydrofractured Silurian shale at depth of 2.5–3 km, and the mainshock ruptured the overlying oblique tear fault at a depth of ∼1  km. Hydraulic fracturing in the sedimentary cover of this block may induce earthquakes through fluid pressure diffusion in the Silurian shale and through poroelastic effects on back thrusts within structural wedges, respectively. We assessed the hazard potential of four seismic sources in the Weiyuan block and suggest it is critical to conduct a coupled flow-geomechanics assessment and management on induced seismicity and related cascading effects in the densely inhabited and seismically active Sichuan basin.

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