scholarly journals Trabecular Bone Fraction Variation in Modern Humans, Fossil Hominins and Other Primates

2018 ◽  
Vol 302 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habiba Chirchir
Keyword(s):  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Bone Fraction ◽  
Fossil Hominins

scholarly journals Recent origin of low trabecular bone density in modern humans

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habiba Chirchir ◽  
Tracy L. Kivell ◽  
Christopher B. Ruff ◽  
Jean-Jacques Hublin ◽  
Kristian J. Carlson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Homo Erectus ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Human Skeleton ◽  
Trabecular Density ◽  
Fossil Hominins

Humans are unique, compared with our closest living relatives (chimpanzees) and early fossil hominins, in having an enlarged body size and lower limb joint surfaces in combination with a relatively gracile skeleton (i.e., lower bone mass for our body size). Some analyses have observed that in at least a few anatomical regions modern humans today appear to have relatively low trabecular density, but little is known about how that density varies throughout the human skeleton and across species or how and when the present trabecular patterns emerged over the course of human evolution. Here, we test the hypotheses that (i) recent modern humans have low trabecular density throughout the upper and lower limbs compared with other primate taxa and (ii) the reduction in trabecular density first occurred in early Homo erectus, consistent with the shift toward a modern human locomotor anatomy, or more recently in concert with diaphyseal gracilization in Holocene humans. We used peripheral quantitative CT and microtomography to measure trabecular bone of limb epiphyses (long bone articular ends) in modern humans and chimpanzees and in fossil hominins attributed to Australopithecus africanus, Paranthropus robustus/early Homo from Swartkrans, Homo neanderthalensis, and early Homo sapiens. Results show that only recent modern humans have low trabecular density throughout the limb joints. Extinct hominins, including pre-Holocene Homo sapiens, retain the high levels seen in nonhuman primates. Thus, the low trabecular density of the recent modern human skeleton evolved late in our evolutionary history, potentially resulting from increased sedentism and reliance on technological and cultural innovations.

Low trabecular bone density in recent sedentary modern humans

2017 ◽  
Vol 162 (3) ◽  
pp. e23138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habiba Chirchir ◽  
Christopher B. Ruff ◽  
Juho-Antti Junno ◽  
Richard Potts
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Trabecular Bone Density ◽  
Modern Humans

scholarly journals Intra-individual metameric variation expressed at the enamel-dentine junction of lower post-canine dentition of South African fossil hominins and modern humans

2017 ◽  
Vol 163 (4) ◽  
pp. 806-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Pan ◽  
John Francis Thackeray ◽  
Jean Dumoncel ◽  
Clément Zanolli ◽  
Anna Oettlé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Fossil Hominins

Cartilage T2 Relaxation Times and Subchondral Trabecular Bone Parameters Predict Morphological Outcome After Matrix-Associated Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation With Autologous Bone Grafting

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (14) ◽  
pp. 3573-3585
Author(s):  
Alexandra S. Gersing ◽  
Christian Holwein ◽  
Joachim Suchowierski ◽  
Georg Feuerriegel ◽  
Florian T. Gassert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Cartilage Repair ◽  
Subchondral Bone ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Repair Tissue ◽  
Bone Parameters ◽  
Bone Fraction ◽  
Chondrocyte Implantation ◽  
Trabecular Number

Background: Quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques are established for evaluation of cartilage composition and trabecular bone microstructure at the knee. It remains unclear whether quantitative MR parameters predict the midterm morphological outcome after matrix-associated chondrocyte implantation (MACI) with autologous bone grafting (ABG). Purpose: To assess longitudinal changes and associations of the biochemical composition of cartilage repair tissue, the subchondral bone architecture, and morphological knee joint abnormalities on 3-T MR imaging after MACI with ABG at the knee. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Knees of 18 patients (28.7 ± 8.4 years [mean ± SD]; 5 women) were examined preoperatively and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after MACI and ABG using 3-T MR imaging. Cartilage composition was assessed using T2 relaxation time measurements. Subchondral bone microstructure was quantified using a 3-dimensional phase-cycled balanced steady-state free precision sequence. Trabecular bone parameters were calculated using a dual threshold algorithm (apparent bone fraction, apparent trabecular number, and apparent trabecular separation). Morphological abnormalities were assessed using the MOCART (magnetic resonace observation of cartilage repair tissue) score, the WORMS (Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score), and the CROAKS (Cartilage Repair Osteoarthritis Knee Score). Clinical symptoms were assessed using the Tegner activity and Lysholm knee scores. Statistical analyses were performed by using multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Total WORMS ( P = .02) and MOCART ( P = .001) scores significantly improved over 24 months after MACI. Clinical symptoms were significantly associated with the presence of bone marrow edema pattern abnormalities 24 months after surgery ( P = .035). Overall there was a good to excellent radiological outcome found after 24 months (MOCART score, 88.8 ± 10.1). Cartilage repair T2 values significantly decreased between 12 and 24 months after MACI ( P = .009). Lower global T2 values after 3 months were significantly associated with better MOCART scores after 24 months ( P = .04). Moreover, trabecular bone parameters after 3 months were significantly associated with the total WORMS after 24 months (apparent bone fraction, P = .048; apparent trabecular number, P = .013; apparent trabecular separation, P = .013). Conclusion: After MACI with ABG, early postoperative quantitative assessment of biochemical composition of cartilage and microstructure of subchondral bone may predict the outcome after 24 months. The perioperative global joint cartilage matrix quality is essential for proper proliferation of the repair tissue, reflected by MOCART scores. The subchondral bone quality of the ABG site is essential for proper maturation of the cartilage repair tissue, reflected by cartilage T2 values.

Early ontogeny of humeral trabecular bone in Neandertals and recent modern humans

2021 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 102968
Author(s):  
Tony Chevalier ◽  
Thomas Colard ◽  
Antony Colombo ◽  
Liubov Golovanova ◽  
Vladimir Doronichev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Early Ontogeny ◽  
Modern Humans

Age estimation in fossil hominins: comparing dental development in earlyHomowith modern humans

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Christopher Dean ◽  
Helen M. Liversidge
Keyword(s):  
Age Estimation ◽  
Dental Development ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Fossil Hominins

scholarly journals Upright walking has driven unique vascular specialization of the hominin ilium

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12240
Author(s):  
Dexter Zirkle ◽  
Richard S. Meindl ◽  
C. Owen Lovejoy
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Fossil Hominins ◽  
Report Analysis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
African Great Apes

Background A novel physis in hominins modulates broadening and shortening of the ilium. We report analysis of a vascular canal system whose origin may be associated with this physis and which appears to be also unique to hominins. Its presence is potentially identifiable in the fossil record by its association with a highly enlarged foramen that is consistently present in modern humans and hominin fossils. Methods We measured the diameter of this foramen in humans, fossil hominins, and African great apes and corrected for body size. Results The mean relative human foramen diameter is significantly greater than those of either Pan or Gorilla. Moreover, eight of the nine values of the Cohen’s d for these differences in ratios are highly significant and support the ordering of magnitudes: Pan < Gorilla < Homo. The relative foramen diameter of A.L. 288-1 is above the 75th percentile of all other hominoids and at the high end of humans. The foramen is also present in ARA-VP-6/500. Conclusions We posit that the presence and significant enlargement of this foramen in fossils can reasonably serve as an indicator that its anterior inferior iliac spine emerged via the unique hominin physis. The foramen can therefore serve as an indicator of hominin iliac ontogenetic specialization for bipedality in fossil taxa.

Tarsals

2020 ◽  
pp. 262-288
Author(s):  
Tea Jashashvili ◽  
Matthew W. Tocheri ◽  
Kristian J. Carlson ◽  
Ronald J. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Modern Human ◽  
Flexor Hallucis Longus ◽  
Australopithecus Afarensis ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
First Metatarsal ◽  
Adaptive Use ◽  
Medial Cuneiform ◽  
Longus Muscle ◽  
Tarsal Bones ◽  
Fossil Hominins

This chapter describes 12 tarsal bones from Sterkfontein, and compares them to those of extant hominoids and other fossil hominins, adding new analyses for some of the bones which have been studied previously. In general, the Sterkfontein calcanei and tali more closely resemble those attributed to Australopithecus sediba from nearby Malapa than to Australopithecus afarensis tarsals from Hadar, Ethiopia. Overall, the bones are similar to those of humans, but African ape-like characters indicating selection on adaptive use of arboreal substrates are persistent throughout the Sterkfontein tarsals, although more prevalent on some bones than on others. Planes of the navicular and first metatarsal facets on the medial cuneiform are relatively parallel, suggesting the hallux was not notably divergent from the metatarsus. However, the anteroposteriorly short intermediate and lateral cuneiforms suggest that the anterior tarsal row had not yet elongated as in modern humans, adversely affecting the foot’s ability to serve as a rigid lever. A large groove for the flexor hallucis longus muscle and large navicular tubercle may be related to strong grasping and climbing. Overall, the Sterkfontein tarsal elements show mixture of modern human-like and African ape-like features.

3. Fossil hominins

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
Bernard Wood
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Fossil Hominins

‘Fossil hominins: their discovery and context’ discusses what the hominin fossil record consists of, how it is discovered and recovered, and how it and its context are investigated, which includes the processes of dating fossils and reconstructing past environments. It reviews the evidence that can be used to investigate what the 6–8 million-year-old hominin clade looks like. How much of it can be reconstructed by looking at variation in modern humans, and what needs to be investigated by searching for, finding, and then interpreting fossil and archaeological evidence? How do researchers decide where to look for new fossil sites, and how do they date any fossils they find at those sites?

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