To explore the above-mentioned problems, we analyzed the spatiotemporal
evolution of ES (WY, SC, NPP, nitrogen and phosphorus export, HQ, CS,
and Bio) in SCK, and combined policy (GFG), natural factors (MP, MT,
PET, and VC) and human activities (PD, NL, GDP, FL, Forest, Grass, BL
and UL) discussed the driving forces of ES changes in different
landscapes. The results showed that from 1982 to 2018, WY, nitrogen
Export, HQ, CS and Bio in SCK showed a decreasing trend, while SC and
NPP showed an increasing trend. WY had a large decrease in all ES, a
decrease of 13.23%; while NPP had a large increase, an increase of
19.16%. Comparing different landscape, the study found that SC, NPP,
nitrogen and phosphorus export, CS and Bio in non-karst were higher than
in karst, while HQ was the opposite. This study showed that natural
factors (MP, MT, PET and VC) are the main factors of affecting ES in
SCK, and found that the driving factors of ES indicators in different
landscapes (karst and non-karst) are not the same. The study emphasized
mountain enclosure for afforestation in karst suitable forests and
barren hills to restore ES; fast-growing and pioneer species with a
large amount of fine roots were planted in wasteland and rocky
desertification areas to increase soil conservation services in the
early ecosystems; through the policy of migration and employment, the
human disturbance to nature can be reduced and habitat quality and
biodiversity service can be improved.
Land‐use dominates climate controls on nitrogen and phosphorus export from managed and natural Nordic headwater catchments