The Role of Latter‐day Saint Charities Towards the Establishment of Needed National Neonatal Resuscitation Programmes in Resource Poor Countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray M. Merrill ◽  
Aaron M. Frutos ◽  
Joseph L. Lyon ◽  
Robert B. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Resuscitation ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Resource Poor

scholarly journals Improving blood transfusion safety in resource-poor countries: a case study of using leucocyte reduced blood in Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 977-983
Author(s):  
Aggrey Dhabangi ◽  
Ezra Musisi ◽  
Dorothy Kyeyune
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Poor Country ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Resource Poor Country ◽  
Resource Poor

Background: The majority of blood transfusion safety strategies recommended by the WHO for resource-poor countries focus mainly on reducing the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs). Other technologies such as leucocyte reduc- tion may represent complementary strategies for improving transfusion safety. Objective: To evaluate the role of using leucocyte reduced blood in a resource-poor country. Methods: Pre-storage leucocyte reduced (LR) red blood cells (RBCs) were specially prepared for the Tissue Oxygenation by Transfusion in severe Anaemia and Lactic acidosis (TOTAL) study, at the Uganda Blood Transfusion Services from Feb- ruary 2013 through May 2015. Quality control tests were performed to evaluate the procedure, and the incremental cost of an LR–RBC unit was estimated. Results: A total of 608 RBCs units were leucocyte reduced. Quality control tests were performed on 55 random RBCs units. The median (IQR) residual leucocyte count was 4 (0•5-10) WBC/uL, equivalent to 1•8x106 WBC per unit. The estimated incremental unit cost of leucocyte reduction was $37 USD per LR RBC unit. Conclusion: Leucocyte reduction of blood in a resource-poor country is doable although relatively costly. As such, its value in resource-poor countries should be weighed against other transfusion safety propositions. Keywords: Blood transfusion safety; leucocyte reduction; resource-poor countries.

Role of nutrition, infection, and the microbiota in the efficacy of oral vaccines

2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (11) ◽  
pp. 1169-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrita Bhattacharjee ◽  
Timothy W. Hand
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Oral Vaccines ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
Geographical Locations

Oral vaccines (OVs), provide protection against pathogens that infect mucosal surfaces and their potency relies on their capacity to elicit T- and B-cell responses directed to these surfaces. Oral vaccination efficacy has been found to vary considerably with differences in geographical locations and socioeconomic status. Specifically, in children living in resource-poor countries, undernourishment and chronic gastrointestinal (GI) infection are associated with the failure of OVs, which is a tragic outcome for the children who would benefit most from mucosal-based protection from infection. Both undernutrition and GI infection have been shown to profoundly affect the microbiota, inducing ‘dysbiosis’ characterized by narrowed bacterial diversity and increased frequency of bacterial clades associated with the induction of inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated that the microbiota exerts a profound effect on the development of mucosal immune responses. Therefore, it seems likely that OV failure in resource-poor regions is affected by alterations to the immune response driven by dysbiotic changes to the microbiota. Here, we review the contribution of the microbiota to OV efficacy in the context of diet and GI infection.

Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Brief Review

JMS SKIMS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
Saleem Kamili ◽  
Hisham Qadri
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus Infection ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Resource Poor

Hepatitis C, caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) was originally described as parenterally transmitted non-A non-B hepatitis. Since its discovery in 1989, the field of HCV research has become a shining example of successful translation of basic research wherein in a short of span of just 30 years the virus was discovered, highly sensitive and specific diagnostic assays were developed, epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the disease were well defined and now with the availability of highly efficacious antiviral therapies many countries are already on their way to achieving World Health Organization’s (WHO) elimination targets of hepatitis C by 2030.  However, much work needs to be done to eliminate hepatitis C especially in resource poor countries. Most recent data show an estimated 71 million people are currently infected with HCV worldwide and approximately 400,000 people die each year from causes related to HCV. Of these estimates, more than 13 million HCV infected persons are in India and Pakistan (Figure 1). Despite the availability of a cure for hepatitis C, only 20% of those infected patients have been diagnosed (1). In order to achieve the WHO targets of hepatitis C elimination, concerted efforts will have to made to make affordable and reliable diagnostics available worldwide.

Artificial Intelligence and Inequality in the Middle East

2020 ◽  
pp. 624-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagla Rizk
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Young Population ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Current State ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
Youth Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
The Impact

This chapter looks at the challenges, opportunities, and tensions facing the equitable development of artificial intelligence (AI) in the MENA region in the aftermath of the Arab Spring. While diverse in their natural and human resource endowments, countries of the region share a commonality in the predominance of a youthful population amid complex political and economic contexts. Rampant unemployment—especially among a growing young population—together with informality, gender, and digital inequalities, will likely shape the impact of AI technologies, especially in the region’s labor-abundant resource-poor countries. The chapter then analyzes issues related to data, legislative environment, infrastructure, and human resources as key inputs to AI technologies which in their current state may exacerbate existing inequalities. Ultimately, the promise for AI technologies for inclusion and helping mitigate inequalities lies in harnessing grounds-up youth entrepreneurship and innovation initiatives driven by data and AI, with a few hopeful signs coming from national policies.

Environmental Management in Uganda: The Importance of Property Law and Local Government in Wetlands Conservation

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Wetlands Conservation ◽  
Wise Use Of Wetlands ◽  
Ugandan Government

The development of strategies for the conservation and wise use of wetlands in Uganda is significant for what it reveals about how law contributes to the sustainable management of natural resources in poor countries in general. The highly inter-disciplinary and cross-sectoral management requirements of wetlands make this issue one of the most challenging, and wetlands constitute today the single most important environmental issue being addressed by the Ugandan government. As part of this effort, the legal frameworks for property rights and local government are being overhauled so as to provide a sounder basis for environmental management in this field. This article analyses the Ugandan approach to wetlands management and the role of property rights and local government in the environmental policy-making process.

scholarly journals Challenges of Epidemiological Research on Epilepsy in Resource-Poor Countries

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrice Quet ◽  
Peter Odermatt ◽  
Pierre-Marie Preux
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Research ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Resource Poor
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