In young adult females, estrogen treatment suppresses the cerebrovascular inflammatory response; this is mediated in part via NF-κB, a key regulator of inflammatory genes. To examine whether age modifies effects of estrogen on vascular inflammation in the brain, female rats, 3 and 12 mo of age, were ovariectomized; half were treated with estrogen for 4 wk. Cerebral blood vessels were isolated from the animals at 4 and 13 mo of age. Inflammation was induced by LPS, either injected in vivo or incubated with isolated vessels ex vivo. Basal levels of cytoplasmic NF-κB were significantly higher in cerebral vessels of young rats, but the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic levels was greater in middle-aged animals. LPS exposure increased nuclear NF-κB DNA binding activity, protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, and production of nitric oxide and PGE2 in cerebral vessels. All effects of LPS were markedly greater in vessels from the older animals. Estrogen significantly inhibited the LPS-induced increase in NF-κB DNA binding activity in cerebral vessels from animals at both ages. In 4-mo-old rats, estrogen also significantly suppressed LPS induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 proteins, as well as production of nitric oxide and PGE2. In contrast, in 13-mo-old females, estrogen did not significantly affect these indexes of cerebrovascular inflammation. Thus the protective, anti-inflammatory effect of estrogen on cerebral blood vessels that is observed in young adults may be attenuated in aged animals, which exhibit a greater overall cerebrovascular response to inflammatory stimuli.
Natural antisense transcript stabilizes inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA in rat hepatocytes
