Monotone recursive definition of predicates and its realizability interpretation

Author(s):  
Makoto Tatsuta
10.37236/1900 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Jonsson

We consider topological aspects of decision trees on simplicial complexes, concentrating on how to use decision trees as a tool in topological combinatorics. By Robin Forman's discrete Morse theory, the number of evasive faces of a given dimension $i$ with respect to a decision tree on a simplicial complex is greater than or equal to the $i$th reduced Betti number (over any field) of the complex. Under certain favorable circumstances, a simplicial complex admits an "optimal" decision tree such that equality holds for each $i$; we may hence read off the homology directly from the tree. We provide a recursive definition of the class of semi-nonevasive simplicial complexes with this property. A certain generalization turns out to yield the class of semi-collapsible simplicial complexes that admit an optimal discrete Morse function in the analogous sense. In addition, we develop some elementary theory about semi-nonevasive and semi-collapsible complexes. Finally, we provide explicit optimal decision trees for several well-known simplicial complexes.


2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Berger ◽  
Paulo B. Oliva

We introduce a variant of Spector's bar recursion (called "modified bar recursion'') in finite types to give a realizability interpretation of the classical axiom of countable choice allowing for the extraction of witnesses from proofs of Sigma_1 formulas in classical analysis. As a second application of modified bar recursion we present a bar recursive definition of the fan functional. Moreover, we show that modified bar recursion exists in M (the model of strongly majorizable functionals) and is not S1-S9 computable in C (the model of total functionals). Finally, we show that modified bar recursion defines Spector's bar recursion primitive recursively.


2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-62
Author(s):  
Imre Kilián

Abstract The backward-chaining inference strategy of Prolog is inefficient for a number of problems. The article proposes Contralog: a Prolog-conform, forward-chaining language and an inference engine that is implemented as a preprocessor-compiler to Prolog. The target model is Prolog, which ensures mutual switching from Contralog to Prolog and back. The Contralog compiler is implemented using Prolog's de facto standardized macro expansion capability. The article goes into details regarding the target model. We introduce first a simple application example for Contralog. Then the next section shows how a recursive definition of some problems is executed by their Contralog definition automatically in a dynamic programming way. Two examples, the well-known matrix chain multiplication problem and the Warshall algorithm are shown here. After this, the inferential target model of Prolog/Contralog programs is introduced, and the possibility for implementing the ReALIS natural language parsing technology is described relying heavily on Contralog's forward chaining inference engine. Finally the article also discusses some practical questions of Contralog program development.


2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiro Kanamori

For the modern set theorist the empty set Ø, the singleton {a}, and the ordered pair 〈x, y〉 are at the beginning of the systematic, axiomatic development of set theory, both as a field of mathematics and as a unifying framework for ongoing mathematics. These notions are the simplest building locks in the abstract, generative conception of sets advanced by the initial axiomatization of Ernst Zermelo [1908a] and are quickly assimilated long before the complexities of Power Set, Replacement, and Choice are broached in the formal elaboration of the ‘set of’f {} operation. So it is surprising that, while these notions are unproblematic today, they were once sources of considerable concern and confusion among leading pioneers of mathematical logic like Frege, Russell, Dedekind, and Peano. In the development of modern mathematical logic out of the turbulence of 19th century logic, the emergence of the empty set, the singleton, and the ordered pair as clear and elementary set-theoretic concepts serves as amotif that reflects and illuminates larger and more significant developments in mathematical logic: the shift from the intensional to the extensional viewpoint, the development of type distinctions, the logical vs. the iterative conception of set, and the emergence of various concepts and principles as distinctively set-theoretic rather than purely logical. Here there is a loose analogy with Tarski's recursive definition of truth for formal languages: The mathematical interest lies mainly in the procedure of recursion and the attendant formal semantics in model theory, whereas the philosophical interest lies mainly in the basis of the recursion, truth and meaning at the level of basic predication. Circling back to the beginning, we shall see how central the empty set, the singleton, and the ordered pair were, after all.


1936 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alonzo Church

In a recent paper the author has proposed a definition of the commonly used term “effectively calculable” and has shown on the basis of this definition that the general case of the Entscheidungsproblem is unsolvable in any system of symbolic logic which is adequate to a certain portion of arithmetic and is ω-consistent. The purpose of the present note is to outline an extension of this result to the engere Funktionenkalkul of Hilbert and Ackermann.In the author's cited paper it is pointed out that there can be associated recursively with every well-formed formula a recursive enumeration of the formulas into which it is convertible. This means the existence of a recursively defined function a of two positive integers such that, if y is the Gödel representation of a well-formed formula Y then a(x, y) is the Gödel representation of the xth formula in the enumeration of the formulas into which Y is convertible.Consider the system L of symbolic logic which arises from the engere Funktionenkalkül by adding to it: as additional undefined symbols, a symbol 1 for the number 1 (regarded as an individual), a symbol = for the propositional function = (equality of individuals), a symbol s for the arithmetic function x+1, a symbol a for the arithmetic function a described in the preceding paragraph, and symbols b1, b2, …, bk for the auxiliary arithmetic functions which are employed in the recursive definition of a; and as additional axioms, the recursion equations for the functions a, b1, b2, …, bk (expressed with free individual variables, the class of individuals being taken as identical with the class of positive integers), and two axioms of equality, x = x, and x = y →[F(x)→F(y)].


2012 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AR,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Lenart ◽  
Anne Schilling

International audience The Ram–Yip formula for Macdonald polynomials (at t=0) provides a statistic which we call charge. In types ${A}$ and ${C}$ it can be defined on tensor products of Kashiwara–Nakashima single column crystals. In this paper we show that the charge is equal to the (negative of the) energy function on affine crystals. The algorithm for computing charge is much simpler than the recursive definition of energy in terms of the combinatorial ${R}$-matrix. La formule de Ram et Yip pour les polynômes de Macdonald (à t = 0) fournit une statistique que nous appelons la charge. Dans les types ${A}$ et ${C}$, elle peut être définie sur les produits tensoriels des cristaux pour les colonnes de Kashiwara–Nakashima. Dans ce papier, nous montrons que la charge est égale à (l'opposé de) la fonction d'énergie sur cristaux affines. L'algorithme pour calculer la charge est bien plus simple que la définition récursive de l'énergie en fonction de la ${R}$-matrice combinatoire.


2012 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AR,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Hicks ◽  
Yeonkyung Kim

International audience In a recent paper, Duane, Garsia, and Zabrocki introduced a new statistic, "ndinv'', on a family of parking functions. The definition was guided by a recursion satisfied by the polynomial $\langle\Delta_{h_m}C_p1C_p2...C_{pk}1,e_n\rangle$, for $\Delta_{h_m}$ a Macdonald eigenoperator, $C_{p_i}$ a modified Hall-Littlewood operator and $(p_1,p_2,\dots ,p_k)$ a composition of n. Using their new statistics, they are able to give a new interpretation for the polynomial $\langle\nabla e_n, h_j h_n-j\rangle$ as a q,t numerator of parking functions by area and ndinv. We recall that in the shuffle conjecture, parking functions are q,t enumerated by area and diagonal inversion number (dinv). Since their definition is recursive, they pose the problem of obtaining a non recursive definition. We solved this problem by giving an explicit formula for ndinv similar to the classical definition of dinv. In this paper, we describe the work we did to construct this formula and to prove that the resulting ndinv is the same as the one recursively defined by Duane, Garsia, and Zabrocki. Dans un travail récent Duane, Garsia et Zabrocki ont introduit une nouvelle statistique, "ndinv'' pour une famille de Fonctions Parking. Ce "ndinv" découle d'une récurrence satisfaite par le polynôme $\langle\Delta_{h_m}C_p1C_p2...C_{pk}1,e_n\rangle$, oú $\Delta_{h_m}$ est un opérateur linéaire avec fonctions propres les polynômes de Macdonald, les $C_{p_i}$ sont des opérateurs de Hall-Littlewood modifiés et $(p_1,p_2,\dots ,p_n)$ est un vecteur à composantes entières positives. Par moyen de cette statistique, ils ont réussi à donner une nouvelle interprétation combinatoire au polynôme $\langle\nabla e_n, h_j h_n-j\rangle$ on remplaçant "dinv'" par "ndinv". Rappelons nous que la conjecture "Shuffle"' exprime ce même polynôme comme somme pondérée de Fonctions Parking avec poids t à la "aire'" est q au "dinv". Puisque il donnent une définition récursive du "ndinv" il posent le problème de l'obtenir d'une façon directe. On rèsout se problème en donnant une formule explicite qui permet de calculer directement le "ndinv" à la manière de la formule classique du "dinv". Dans cet article on décrit le travail qu'on a fait pour construire cette formule et on démontre que nôtre formule donne le même "ndinv" récursivement construit par Duane, Garsia et Zabrocki.


1972 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annetie C. Baier

In this paper I shall give reasons for rejecting one type of analysis of the basic constituents of action, and reasons for preferring an alternative approach. I shall discuss the concept of basic action recently presented by Alvin Goldman, who gives an interesting version of the sort of analysis I wish to reject. Goldman agrees with Danto that bodily movements are basic actions, and his definition of ‘basic’ resembles Danto's fairly closely. What is new is a useful concept of level-generation between actions, which Goldman uses both in his recursive definition of action (45) and in his definition of a basic action (67, 72), as one whose performance does not depend on level-generational knowledge. In brief, an action is an event which is level-generated by or capable of level-generating another action, and a basic action is one which is not level-generated by any other action. I shall examine this concept of level-generation, and point out incoherences I think endemic to views of this sort. In the last part of the paper I shall indicate the direction in which a more satisfactory account of basic action is to be sought. The criterion of basicness I shall sketch will select as basic actions not bodily movements, but a more interesting class of actions, and one whose demarcation can help us see the relation between actions and intentions, and the differences between intentions and other states of mind.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document