The Normal Stomach and Duodenum

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is not only essential to the development of the gastrointestinal tract, but is also necessary to maintain the characteristic acid-secreting phenotype of the adult stomach. Gastrin is the only hormone capable of stimulating gastric acid and is thus required to maintain functional parietal cells. We have shown previously that gastrin-null mice display gastric atrophy and metaplasia prior to progression to distal, intestinal-type gastric cancer. Because reduced levels of Shh peptide correlate with gastric atrophy, we examined whether gastrin regulates Shh expression in parietal cells. We show here that gastrin stimulates Shh gene expression and acid-dependent processing of the 45-kDa Shh precursor to the 19-kDa secreted peptide in primary parietal cell cultures. This cleavage was blocked by the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole and mediated by the acid-activated protease pepsin A. Pepsin A was also the protease responsible for processing Shh in tissue extracts from human stomach. By contrast, extracts prepared from neoplastic gastric mucosa had reduced levels of pepsin A and did not process Shh. Therefore processing of Shh in the normal stomach is hormonally regulated, acid-dependent, and mediated by the aspartic protease pepsin A. Moreover parietal cell atrophy, a known pre-neoplastic lesion, correlates with loss of Shh processing.

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The Endoscopically Normal Stomach: Is it Worth a Biopsy?

The American Journal of Gastroenterology ◽

10.14309/00000434-201410002-00133 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 109 ◽

pp. S42

Author(s):

Daniel Nevin ◽

Kevin Turner ◽

Robert Genta

Keyword(s):

Normal Stomach

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Evidence for two discrete mucus secretions in the normal stomach

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1016/s0016-5085(00)83045-0 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 118 (4) ◽

pp. A242

Author(s):

Catherine Taylor ◽

Adrian Allen ◽

Peter W. Dettmar ◽

Jeffrey P. Pearson

Keyword(s):

Normal Stomach

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Profiling, comparison and validation of gene expression in gastric carcinoma and normal stomach

Oncogene ◽

10.1038/sj.onc.1206615 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 22 (27) ◽

pp. 4287-4300 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Karin A Oien ◽

J Keith Vass ◽

Ian Downie ◽

Grant Fullarton ◽

W Nicol Keith

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Gastric Carcinoma ◽

Normal Stomach

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Rupture of the normal stomach after therapeutic oxygen administration

Intensive Care Medicine ◽

10.1007/bf00315375 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 52-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Th. L. J. M. van der Loos ◽

F. A. Th. Lustermans

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Administration ◽

Normal Stomach

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The Correlations Between the Expression of SSTR2, SSTR5 Proteins and Clinicopathological Parameters as well as Prognosis of Gastric Neuroendocrine Neoplasms

10.21203/rs.3.rs-66797/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yanwei Ye ◽

Chuangfeng Xiao ◽

Yingze Li ◽

YiMing Shan ◽

Jie Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Somatostatin Receptor ◽

Tumor Grade ◽

Neuroendocrine Neoplasm ◽

Clinicopathological Parameters ◽

Neuroendocrine Neoplasms ◽

P Value ◽

Ki 67 ◽

Positive Group ◽

Expression Rate ◽

Normal Stomach

Abstract Background： Somatostatin receptor 2, 5 (SSTR2, SSTR5) were seldom investigated in gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (G-NENs). The purpose of the study was to elucidate the expression of SSTR2, SSTR5 in G-NENs and related clinical significance.Methods： 66 paraffin-embedded specimens were obtained from The first affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou university. The expression of SSTR2 and SSTR5 was detected by immunohistochemistry. The expression of SSTR2, SSTR5 and the clinicopathological characteristics, related immunohistochemical molecules and prognosis of gastric neuroendocrine neoplasm were analyzed statistically.Results： The expression rate of SSTR2 protein in G-NENs tissues and normal stomach tissues was 48.5% and 25.0%, respectively (P=0.046); the expression rate of SSTR5 protein in G-NENs tissues and normal stomach tissues was 65.2% and 25.0% , respectively (P=0.018). The expression of SSTR2 was positively correlated with the expression of Ki-67, SSTR5 and tumor grade (P-value was 0.032, 0.002, and 0.005, respectively); the expression of SSTR5 was positively correlated with the expression of SSTR2, Ki-67, CD-56 and tumor grade (P-value was 0.032, 0.011, 0.008, 0.028, respectively). In the SSTR2-positive group, SSTR5, CD-56, Ki-67 were closely related to the prognosis of patients with G-NENs. In the SSTR5-positive group, tumor grade, SSTR2, CD-56, Ki-67 were closely related to the prognosis of patients with G-NENs. Multi-factor analysis showed that SSTR2 and SSTR5 were independent prognostic factors for patients with G-NENs. Conclusion. High expression of SSTR2 and SSTR5 protein was related to the tumorigenesis of G-NENs. SSTR2 and SSTR5 were associated with the prognosis and might improve the prognosis of G-NENs.

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Imaging of Gastric Carcinoma. Part One: Diagnosis and Staging

Journal of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1735217 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad O. Awiwi ◽

Rochita V. Ramanan ◽

Mohamed Elshikh ◽

Raghunandan Vikram

Keyword(s):

Gastric Cancer ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Medical Oncology ◽

Preoperative Staging ◽

Disease Spread ◽

The Past ◽

Local Spread ◽

Radiologic Imaging ◽

Management Plans ◽

Normal Stomach

AbstractGastric cancer is one of the leading causes of death from malignancy. Despite the enormous advancement in medical oncology over the past decade, surgical resection of early tumors remains the most effective treatment. Accurate interpretation of radiologic imaging studies is crucial for staging local disease spread, predicting possible lymphatic involvement, and identifying metastatic disease, thereby guiding management plans. This article reviews imaging patterns of the normal stomach along with appearances of gastric cancer, its local spread patterns and distant metastasis, and also describes key features pertaining to preoperative staging.

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