Imaging of Gastric Carcinoma. Part One: Diagnosis and Staging

Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of death from malignancy. Despite the enormous advancement in medical oncology over the past decade, surgical resection of early tumors remains the most effective treatment. Accurate interpretation of radiologic imaging studies is crucial for staging local disease spread, predicting possible lymphatic involvement, and identifying metastatic disease, thereby guiding management plans. This article reviews imaging patterns of the normal stomach along with appearances of gastric cancer, its local spread patterns and distant metastasis, and also describes key features pertaining to preoperative staging.

The Correlations Between the Expression of SSTR2, SSTR5 Proteins and Clinicopathological Parameters as well as Prognosis of Gastric Neuroendocrine Neoplasms

Background： Somatostatin receptor 2, 5 (SSTR2, SSTR5) were seldom investigated in gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (G-NENs). The purpose of the study was to elucidate the expression of SSTR2, SSTR5 in G-NENs and related clinical significance.Methods： 66 paraffin-embedded specimens were obtained from The first affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou university. The expression of SSTR2 and SSTR5 was detected by immunohistochemistry. The expression of SSTR2, SSTR5 and the clinicopathological characteristics, related immunohistochemical molecules and prognosis of gastric neuroendocrine neoplasm were analyzed statistically.Results： The expression rate of SSTR2 protein in G-NENs tissues and normal stomach tissues was 48.5% and 25.0%, respectively (P=0.046); the expression rate of SSTR5 protein in G-NENs tissues and normal stomach tissues was 65.2% and 25.0% , respectively (P=0.018). The expression of SSTR2 was positively correlated with the expression of Ki-67, SSTR5 and tumor grade (P-value was 0.032, 0.002, and 0.005, respectively); the expression of SSTR5 was positively correlated with the expression of SSTR2, Ki-67, CD-56 and tumor grade (P-value was 0.032, 0.011, 0.008, 0.028, respectively). In the SSTR2-positive group, SSTR5, CD-56, Ki-67 were closely related to the prognosis of patients with G-NENs. In the SSTR5-positive group, tumor grade, SSTR2, CD-56, Ki-67 were closely related to the prognosis of patients with G-NENs. Multi-factor analysis showed that SSTR2 and SSTR5 were independent prognostic factors for patients with G-NENs. Conclusion. High expression of SSTR2 and SSTR5 protein was related to the tumorigenesis of G-NENs. SSTR2 and SSTR5 were associated with the prognosis and might improve the prognosis of G-NENs.

TRPV2 Calcium Channel Gene Expression and Outcomes in Gastric Cancer Patients: A Clinically Relevant Association

Gastric cancer (GC) is characterized by poor efficacy and the modest clinical impact of current therapies. Apoptosis evasion represents a causative factor for treatment failure in GC as in other cancers. Since intracellular calcium homeostasis regulation has been found to be associated with apoptosis resistance, the aberrant expression of intracellular calcium regulator genes (CaRGs) could have a prognostic value in GC patients. We analyzed the association of the expression levels of 98 CaRGs with prognosis by the log-rank test in a collection of 1524 GC samples from four gene expression profiling datasets. We also evaluated differential gene expression in comparison with normal stomach tissue, and then we crossed results with tissue microarrays from the Human Protein Atlas. Among the investigated CaRGs, patients with high levels of TRPV2 expression were characterized by a shorter overall survival. TRPV2 expression was found to increase according to tumor stage. Both mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in tumor than normal stomach samples. TRPV2 was also associated with poor prognosis in the Lauren’s intestinal type GC and in patients treated with adjuvant therapy. Overall, we highlighted the relevance of TRPV2 not only as a prognostic biomarker but also as a potential therapeutic target to improve GC treatment efficacy.

GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGI LAMBUNG TIKUS WISTAR (Rattus norvegicus) YANG DIBERIKAN VITAMIN C (Asam askorbat) DOSIS TINGGI

Background: Vitamin C is one of the chemicals which are acidic and therefore is able to irritate the stomach lining if consumed in excessive amount. Objective: To reveal the histopathological features of the stomach of wistar rats supplemented with high doses of vitamin C. Method: Experimental study employing eight wistar rats divided into three groups. Rats in group A were fed with regular pellets for 12 days. Rats in group B were fed with regular pellets and were supplemented with vitamin C at 6 mg/day for 12 days. Rats in group C were fed with regular pellets and were supplemented with vitamin C at 8 mg/day for 12 day. Results: Rats in group A showed normal stomach features. Rats in group B revealed PMN inflammatory cells and hiperemy on the mucosal lining, submucosa, and muscularis mucosae. Moreover, edema on the mucosal lining was also seen in the rats in this group. Similar histopathological features were also demonstrated by the rats in group C. In this group the number of PMNs and hiperemy was greater than that of group B; in addition, cell regeneration was also seen in this group. Conclusion: Supplementation of high doses of vitamin C at 6 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg of body weight per day for 12 days may lead to changes in histopathological features of the stomach of wistar rats. Keywords: acute gastritis, vitamin C. Abstrak: Latar Belakang: vitamin C merupakan salah satu bahan kimia yang bersifat asam, sehingga apabila dikonsumsi berlebihan dapat mengiritasi lambung. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui gambaran histopatologi lambung tikus wistar yang diberikan vitamin C dosis tinggi. Metode: Penelitian eksperimental dengan 8 ekor tikus wistar dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok. Kelompok A diberikan pelet biasa selama 12 hari. Kelompok B diberikan pelet biasa dan vitamin C 6 mg/hari selama 12 hari. Kelompok C diberikan pelet biasa dan vitamin C 8 mg/hari selama 12 hari. Hasil: Pada kelompok A didapatkan gambaran lambung yang normal. Kelompok B terlihat sel-sel radang PMN dan hiperemi pada lapisan mukosa, sub mukosa dan muskularis, pada kelompok ini juga terlihat edema pada lapisan mukosa. Kelompok C terlihat pada lapisan mukosa, submukosa dan muskularis adanya sel-sel radang PMN dan hiperemi yang lebih banyak dibandingkan kelompok B, selain itu juga terlihat regenerasi sel. Kesimpulan: Pemberian vitamin C dosis tinggi yaitu 6 mg/hari dan 8 mg/hari selama 12 hari dapat mengakibatkan perubahan gambaran histopatologi lambung. Kata Kunci: Gastritis akut, vitamin C.