Biogenesis and Function of Extracellular Vesicles in Gram-Positive Bacteria, Mycobacteria, and Fungi

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ainhoa Palacios ◽  
Carolina Coelho ◽  
Maria Maryam ◽  
Jose L. Luque-García ◽  
Arturo Casadevall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Structure and function of proteins of the phosphotransferase system and of 6-phospho-β-glycosidases in Gram-positive bacteria

1993 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 149-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Hengstenberg ◽  
Detlef Kohlbrecher ◽  
Ellen Witt ◽  
Regina Kruse ◽  
Ingo Christiansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Phosphotransferase System ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
And Function

Lipoteichoic Acid Synthesis and Function in Gram-Positive Bacteria

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew G. Percy ◽  
Angelika Gründling
Keyword(s):  
Lipoteichoic Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Structure and function of proteins involved in sugar transport by the PTS of Gram-positive bacteria

1989 ◽  
Vol 63 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Hengstenberg ◽  
Bernd Reiche ◽  
Reinhard Eisermann ◽  
Roland Fischer ◽  
Ursula Keßler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Transport ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Disulfide-Bond-Forming Pathways in Gram-Positive Bacteria

2015 ◽  
Vol 198 (5) ◽  
pp. 746-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa E. Reardon-Robinson ◽  
Hung Ton-That
Keyword(s):  
Disulfide Bond ◽  
Disulfide Bonds ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Bioinformatics Analyses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bond Forming ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
And Function

Disulfide bonds are important for the stability and function of many secreted proteins. In Gram-negative bacteria, these linkages are catalyzed by thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases (Dsb) in the periplasm. Protein oxidation has been well studied in these organisms, but it has not fully been explored in Gram-positive bacteria, which lack traditional periplasmic compartments. Recent bioinformatics analyses have suggested that the high-GC-content bacteria (i.e., actinobacteria) rely on disulfide-bond-forming pathways. In support of this, Dsb-like proteins have been identified inMycobacterium tuberculosis, but their functions are not known.Actinomyces orisandCorynebacterium diphtheriaehave recently emerged as models to study disulfide bond formation in actinobacteria. In both organisms, disulfide bonds are catalyzed by the membrane-bound oxidoreductase MdbA. Remarkably, unlike known Dsb proteins, MdbA is important for pathogenesis and growth, which makes it a potential target for new antibacterial drugs. This review will discuss disulfide-bond-forming pathways in bacteria, with a special focus on Gram-positive bacteria.

scholarly journals Answers to naysayers regarding microbial extracellular vesicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1005-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Coelho ◽  
Arturo Casadevall
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

Abstract It is now over 30 years since the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in Gram-negative bacteria. However, for cell-walled microbes such as fungi, mycobacteria and Gram-positive bacteria it was thought that EV release would be impossible, since such structures were not believed to cross the thick cell wall. This notion was disproven 10 years ago with the discovery of EVs in fungi, mycobacteria, and gram-positive bacteria. Today, EVs have been described in practically every species tested, ranging from Fungi through Bacteria and Archaea, suggesting that EVs are a feature of every living cell. However, there continues to be skepticism in some quarters regarding EV release and their biological significance. In this review, we list doubts that have been verbalized to us and provide answers to counter them. In our opinion, there is no doubt as to existence and physiological function of EVs and we take this opportunity to highlight the most pressing topics in our understanding of the biological processes underlying these structures.

scholarly journals Through the wall: extracellular vesicles in Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 620-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Brown ◽  
Julie M. Wolf ◽  
Rafael Prados-Rosales ◽  
Arturo Casadevall
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria
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