Women and the Lebanese Civil War

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Philippa Eggert
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Lebanese Civil War

The Lebanese Civil War 1975–90

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-124
Author(s):  
Jamal Wakim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Working Class ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Lebanese Civil War ◽  
Organized Violence ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Leftist Parties

This article argues that the Lebanese Civil War (1975–90) was in essence a terror of state directed by mercantile economic and political elites (the comprador class) controlling the Lebanese state and society against the middle and poorer classes (the working class). The aim of this terror or organized violence was to subdue the subordinate classes, which in the late 1960s and early 1970s rebelled against the confessional system that operated for the benefit of the comprador class. The rebellion was expressed by members of the working-class joining cross-confessional nationalist and leftist parties. Hence, violence was aimed at reestablishing the confessional order as a means to restore a hegemonic system that served the interests of the comprador class at a time when this class was rehabilitating its economic role by resurrecting the financial system, which had received a severe blow in the late 1960s. It effected this rehabilitation through the Taif Agreement signed between Lebanese parliamentarians in 1989, under the auspices of Syria, Saudi Arabia, and the United States, to favor the new mercantile elite led by Rafiq Hariri.

The Lebanese Civil War, 1975–1990

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-91 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Lebanese Civil War

scholarly journals Topological analysis of contemporary morphologies under conflict: The urban transformation of Dobrinja in Sarajevo and the Central District of Beirut

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inés Aquilué ◽  
Estanislao Roca ◽  
Javier Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Lebanese Civil War ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Bosnian War ◽  
Central District

Regarding topological interpretation of space, this research aims to identify urban morphologies, whose topology becomes increasingly determining under high uncertainty. This topological approach has been applied in an evolutionary analysis of urban spaces under siege, fear and conflict, which conducted to the construction of a specific method. This method analyses the transformation of urban areas in five consecutive phases: urban form [1], increase of uncertainty [2], application of the apparatus [3], change in urban form [4], information flows [5]. These five phases were applied to different empirical studies, analysed through specific morphological and topological models. In the light of this method, two selected urban morphologies Dobrinja –a suburb in Sarajevo– and the Beirut Central District have been examined. The urban morphology of both areas was dramatically transformed after both civil conflicts –the Bosnian War and the Lebanese Civil War–. Dobrinja suffered severe modifications, first provoked by the violence of the siege during the Bosnian War [1992-1995], and then by the Inter-Entity Boundary Line as a result of the Dayton Peace Agreement [December 1995], which divided the neighbourhood and caused serious alterations in its ethno-demographic and spatial structure. The Beirut Central District was first destroyed by the violence experienced in the Lebanese Civil War [1975-1990] and then by the process of subsequent reconstruction [since 1992], which led to a simplification of its structure. The two morphological and topological analyses enable us to determine the initial causes and their spatial consequences in both urban areas, regarding their conflict and post-conflict stage.

scholarly journals Marginal memories of Lebanon�s civil war: challenging hegemonic narratives in a small town in North Metn

2021 ◽  
Vol 9s3 ◽  
pp. 11-27
Author(s):  
Carmen Hassoun Abou Jaoude ◽  
Daniele Rugo
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Public Culture ◽  
Lebanese Civil War ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Violent Conflicts ◽  
Ordinary Citizens

This article focuses on the �hidden public culture� formed by individual memories of violent conflicts, with particular reference to the Lebanese Civil War (1975�90). Taking memory as a terrain through which individuals can contest authoritarian governance and repressive memory scripts, the article argues that personal memories of ordinary citizens can contribute to illuminate the power relations that structure war memorialisations. Through a series of interviews, the article analyses militia practices in a small town in North Metn to challenge the idea that militias were merely defending a territory from external enemies. Militia abuses against the populations they were meant to defend during the Civil War are also used as a starting point to reflect on Lebanon�s present. This case study is then used as a starting point to advocate for the use of personal memories in the research of violent conflicts as a way to broaden our understanding of conflict�s lived experiences.

Italy and the Lebanese ‘civil’ war

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta La Fortezza
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Lebanese Civil War

Lebanese Army History and Development of Democracy

2019 ◽  
pp. 185-198
Author(s):  
Maroa N. Al Katheri ◽  
Philippe W. Zgheib
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Reference Book ◽  
National History ◽  
Lebanese Civil War ◽  
School History ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Books ◽  
History Book

Unlike most countries, Lebanon lacks a unified national history reference book. Indeed, there is a controversy regarding the use of a unified Lebanese national history book in middle and high school. Many argue against including the Lebanese civil war in the Lebanese school curriculum; although, teaching the Lebanese civil war in school history books can result in many social, political, and economic benefits. Adverse effects are contrasted with consociationalizing effects resulting from the absence of a Lebanese school history book on Lebanese society and history. Regardless of what politicians say, Lebanese younger generations are ready to study the history of their national army and its effects on promoting stability and democracy despite surrounding turmoil.

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