On the Symmetry Properties of Resonator-Loaded Transmission Lines

Four sensing approaches for the implementation of microwave sensors based on transmission lines loaded with metamaterial-inspired resonators are considered in this review paper, and examples of applications are pointed out. In all the cases, sensing is based on the effects that the magnitude under measurement causes in the transmission properties of the resonator-loaded line. Such four strategies are (i) resonance frequency variation, (ii) coupling modulation through symmetry disruption (causing variation of the notch depth), (iii) frequency splitting (also exploiting symmetry properties), and (iv) amplitude modulation of a harmonic signal. Such sensors are useful in various scenarios, of interest in fields as diverse as characterization of dielectric materials for communication circuits, medical diagnosis and treatment with microwave technologies, and sensors for space applications, among others.

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Symmetry Properties in Transmission Lines Loaded with Electrically Small Resonators

10.1007/978-3-319-24566-9 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Jordi Naqui

Keyword(s):

Transmission Lines ◽

Symmetry Properties

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Microwave Sensors Based on Symmetry Properties of Resonator-Loaded Transmission Lines

Journal of Sensors ◽

10.1155/2015/741853 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Jordi Naqui ◽

Ferran Martín

Keyword(s):

Transmission Lines ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Review Paper ◽

Rotation Speed ◽

Angular Displacement ◽

Operating Principle ◽

Displacement Sensors ◽

Symmetry Properties ◽

Microwave Sensors

This review paper is focused on the design of microwave sensors using symmetry properties of transmission lines loaded with symmetric resonators. The operating principle of these sensors is presented and then several prototype devices are reported, including linear and angular displacement sensors and rotation speed sensors. The main advantage of the proposed sensors is the robustness against changing environmental conditions.

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Semi-automated methods for 3-D reconstruction of macromolecular complexes

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100136581 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 42-43

Author(s):

B. Carragher ◽

M. Whittaker

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Time Saving ◽

Macromolecular Complexes ◽

Symmetry Properties ◽

Dimensional Reconstruction ◽

Experienced Operator ◽

Projection Images ◽

The Individual ◽

Natural Symmetry

Techniques for three-dimensional reconstruction of macromolecular complexes from electron micrographs have been successfully used for many years. These include methods which take advantage of the natural symmetry properties of the structure (for example helical or icosahedral) as well as those that use single axis or other tilting geometries to reconstruct from a set of projection images. These techniques have traditionally relied on a very experienced operator to manually perform the often numerous and time consuming steps required to obtain the final reconstruction. While the guidance and oversight of an experienced and critical operator will always be an essential component of these techniques, recent advances in computer technology, microprocessor controlled microscopes and the availability of high quality CCD cameras have provided the means to automate many of the individual steps.During the acquisition of data automation provides benefits not only in terms of convenience and time saving but also in circumstances where manual procedures limit the quality of the final reconstruction.

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