Deep-Sea Mining: Current Status and Future Considerations

2017 ◽  
pp. 3-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuyuki Okamoto ◽  
Satoshi Shiokawa ◽  
Seiya Kawano ◽  
Hironobu Sakurai ◽  
Norihiro Yamaji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Wudianto Wudianto ◽  
Agustinus Anung Widodo ◽  
Fayakun Satria ◽  
Mahiswara Mahiswara

Untuk meningkatkan produktivitas penangkapan tuna, beberapa tahun terakhir ini nelayan dan pengusaha menggunakan alat bantu rumpon laut dalam sebagai alat pengumpul ikan dilakukan penangkapan. Penggunaan rumpon berkembang sangat pesat sehingga timbul permasalahan baik terkait dengan kelestarian sumberdaya tuna dan konflik sosial ekonomi di kalangan nelayan. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengetahui isue permasalahan terkait rumpon saat ini dan bagaimana solusi pengelolaannya sehingga penggunaan rumpon tidak mempengaruhi keberlanjutan perikanan tuna. Data dan informasi utama yang digunakan dalam kajian ini berasal dari hasil penelitian di lapangan dan diskusi melalui workshop dan Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Tipe rumpon laut dalam yang digunakan di perairan Indonesia adalah rumpon berjangkar, yang dipasang menetap terhubung dengan dasar perairan, menggunakan jangkar atau pemberat dari beton dihubungkan dengan tali-temali ke pelampung (pontoon, gabus, rakit), yang dilengkapi dengan bahan pemikat ikan dari daun kelapa atau nipah. Beberapa jenis alat tangkap yang dioperasikan di sekitar rumpon antara lain pukat cincin, pancing ulur, pancing tonda, huhate, dan jaring insang. Hasil kajian resiko menunjukkan jenis alat tangkap yang sesuai dioperasikan di sekitar rumpon adalah pancing ulur dan pancing tonda. Pukat cincin memiliki resiko tertinggi karena banyak menangkap jenis ikan tuna yang berukuran kecil khususnya yellowfin dan bigeye tuna sebagai hasil tangkapan sampingan. Jenis alat tangkap pancing ulur lapisan dalam sangat sesuai kriteria ramah lingkungan untuk menangkap tuna di sekitar rumpon. Beberapa isu permasalahan muncul setelah rumpon berkembang di nelayan antara lain jumlah rumpon sulit diketahui, banyak ikan tuna berukuran kecil tertangkap sebagai hasil tangkapan sampingan dan perubahan tingkah laku ikan karena adanya “perangkap ekologi”. Beberapa rekomendasi kegiatan yang perlu dilakukan antara lain: perlu adanya penertiban pemasangan rumpon dengan melakukan pendaftaran ulang rumpon yang terpasang, jarak pemasangan rumpon harus mengacu pada jarak terdekat antar rumpon yang telah ditetapkan yaitu minimal 10 nautical mile, pemasangan rumpon sebaiknya tidak dilakukan di wilayah perairan perbatasan antar negara.During recent years fishers were intensively use deep sea FADs in their tuna fishery to attract tunas in their fishing operation for increasing its productivity. The used of FADs has rapidly developed and now starting to deem not only the sustainability of tuna resources but also triger socio economic frictions among fishers. The purpose of this study to find problem issues related to the current status of FAD and how the solution of the good management for impact on the sustainability of tuna fisheries around FAD. Main data and information are used in this study from in the field observation and result of workshop and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). A type of deep sea FADs deployed in Indonesian waters are moored or anchored FADs which occupy a fixed location and attach to the sea bottom using a weight such as an anchored or concrete block, which connected by long ropes to the floating object (Poonton, stereofoam or raft) that compliment with coconut or nipah leaves as fish lure. Several types of fishing gears operated arround FADs are purse seine, deep hand line, troll line, pole and line, and gill net. Risk assessment analysis showed that suitable gears for FADs fishing were deep sea hand line (dHL) and troll line. Purse siene was a gear with high risk score due to its operation not only caught small size of yellow fin and big eye tuna but also many by-catches. Several issues were raised after recent massive deployment of FADs among fishers concerning on numbers and license of FADs, high number on catches of juvenile tuna as by-catches. Furthermore FADS also believe has affect to the changes of tuna behaviour as highly migratory species which been ecologically trapped by FADs. This study provides current FADs management at national and regional level and some recommendations could be considered to ensure the sustainability of tuna utilization, as following: for the compliance using FAD need to re-regrestration for deployed FAD, fishermen should compliance for deploying FAD with minimum distance is 10 nautical miles among FAD as mentioned in regulation, suggested not deploy FAD in border area waters, deep hand line (dHL) is suggested as suitable fishing gear for catching tuna around FAD.


2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Kimball

AbstractThis article briefly reviews the current status of high seas bottom fishing and its impacts. It then traces the evolution of major intergovernmental discussions on these issues up to the 5th meeting of the UN Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea in June 2004, including the involvement of scientists and conservation organisations. Next, it highlights the four key arguments presented to date on the need for immediate action to curtail high seas bottom trawling: that it is largely unregulated and unsustainable, severely impacts deep-sea biodiversity, and is a highly destructive fishing technique. In addition, it draws attention to an important emerging argument on equity considerations. Rights and duties regarding conservation of sedentary species on the coastal state's continental margin beyond 200 nautical miles are also considered. A final section suggests possible solutions to the management impasse regarding high seas bottom trawl fisheries, covering the authority to regulate, the need for deep ocean assessment, strengthening the international community's stake in deep-sea conservation and some of the tools available.


2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 28-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Sharma

AbstractMining of minerals such as polymetallic nodules from the deep-sea floor has been “on-hold” as a result of several factors such as current availability of Cu, Ni, Co and Mn from terrestrial sources and their fluctuating prices. Nonetheless, exploration for new resources from deep-sea areas and development of technologies for deep-sea mining have been progressing consistently. These, coupled with recent projections of deep-sea minerals as the alternative source for metals and granting of licenses for exploration and mining of seafloor massive sulfides to private entrepreneurs, indicate the continuing interest and support the perception that such deposits may serve as sources of metals in the 21st century. However, there are several considerations for the sustainable development of deep-sea mining.A typical area of 75,000 km2 with an estimated nodule resource of >200 million tonnes is expected to yield about 54 million tonnes of metals (Mn + Ni + Cu + Co), and the gross in-place value of the metals is estimated to be ∼$21‐42 billion (depending upon the annual rate of mining) in the 20-year life span of a mine site. The decision on the timing to resume mining of these deposits will be based on the prevalent metal prices and rate of returns on the estimated investment of $1.95 billion as capital expenditure and $9 billion as operating expenditure for a single deep-sea mining venture.In view of high investment, technological challenges and economic considerations, private-public cooperation could be an effective means to make deep-sea mining a success. This paper analyzes the current status and discusses the economic, technical, technological, and environmental issues that need to be addressed for sustainable development of deep-sea minerals.


2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jianmin Yang ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Haining Lyu ◽  
Zhongqin Lin

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Yamazaki
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 266-267
Author(s):  
R. L. Duncombe

An examination of some specialized lunar and planetary ephemerides has revealed inconsistencies in the adopted planetary masses, the presence of non-gravitational terms, and some outright numerical errors. They should be considered of temporary usefulness only, subject to subsequent amendment as required for the interpretation of observational data.


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