Comparing National Systems of Innovation. The Case of Finland, Denmark and Sweden

1994 ◽  
pp. 116-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgitte Gregersen ◽  
Bjørn Johnson ◽  
Arne Kristensen
Keyword(s):  
Systems Of Innovation ◽  
National Systems Of Innovation ◽  
National Systems

Standards Development as Hybridization and Capacity Building

2015 ◽  
pp. 211-224
Author(s):  
Xiaobai Shen ◽  
Ian Graham ◽  
Robin Williams
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
The West ◽  
Systems Of Innovation ◽  
National Systems Of Innovation ◽  
The World ◽  
Indigenous Innovation ◽  
National Systems

While users in the rest of the world have been offered 3G mobile phones based on either the CDMA2000 or W-CDMA standards, users in China have the additional option of using phones based on the TD-SCDMA standard. As a technology largely developed by Chinese actors and only implemented in China, TD-SCDMA has been seen as an “indigenous innovation” orchestrated by the Chinese government and supported by Chinese firms. China's support for TD-SCDMA was widely viewed in the West as a ploy to keep the “global” 3G standards, W-CDMA and CDMA2000, out of China, but in 2009, the Chinese government licensed the operation of all three standards. The authors argue that Chinese support for TD-SCDMA, rather than being a defensive move, was a proactive policy to use the TD-SCDMA standard to develop Chinese industrial capacity, which could then be fed back into the global processes developing later generations of telecommunications standards. Rather than being an indigenous Chinese technology, TD-SCDMA's history exemplifies how standards and the intellectual property and technological know-how embedded in them lead to a complex hybridization between the global and national systems of innovation.

Standards Development as Hybridization

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobai Shen ◽  
Ian Graham ◽  
James Stewart ◽  
Robin Williams
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Science And Technology Studies ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Systems Of Innovation ◽  
National Systems Of Innovation ◽  
The World ◽  
Indigenous Innovation ◽  
National Systems ◽  
Additional Option

While users in the rest of the World have been offered 3G mobile phones based on either the CDMA2000 or W-CDMA standards, users in China have the additional option of using phones based on the TD-SCDMA standard. As a technology largely developed by Chinese actors and only implemented in China, TD-SCDMA has been seen as an “indigenous innovation” orchestrated by the Chinese government and supported by Chinese firms. This paper adopts a science and technology studies (STS) framework to explore how global and national institutional and social elements have been embedded in and impacted on the artifacts of TD-SCDMA technology. Rather than being an indigenous Chinese technology, TD-SCDMA’s history exemplifies how standards and the intellectual property embedded in them lead to a complex hybridization between the global and national systems of innovation.

National Systems of Innovation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik E. Lehmann ◽  
Julian Schenkenhofer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Knowledge Creation ◽  
Systems Of Innovation ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Diffusion Of Knowledge ◽  
Incentive Structures ◽  
National Systems Of Innovation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
National Systems

The pursuit of economic growth stands out as one of the main imperatives within modern economies. Nevertheless, economies differ considerably in their competitiveness. Theories on the endogeneity of growth agree on the value of knowledge creation and innovativeness to determine a country’s capability to achieve a sustained performance and to adapt to the dynamics of changing environments and faster information flows. To this effect, national institutional regimes shape nation-specific contexts and embed individuals and firms. The resulting incentive structures shape the attitudes and behavior of individuals and firms alike, whose interactions contribute to the accumulation and flow of knowledge among the nodes of their networks. National systems of innovation (NSIs) therefore embody a concept that aims to analyze the national innovation performance of economies. It rests its rationale in the variation of national institutions that shape the diffusion of technologies through the process of shared knowledge creation and the development of learning routines. Both public and private institutions are thought to interact in a given nation-specific institutional context that essentially affects incentive schemes and resource allocation of the involved economic agents in creating, sharing, distributing, absorbing, and commercializing knowledge. To this effect, public policy plays a key role in the NSI through building bridges between these actors, reducing information asymmetries, and providing them with resources from others within the system. The different actors contributing to the creation and diffusion of knowledge within the system are needed to exchange information and provide the engine for sustained economic growth. Universities, research institutes, companies and the individual entrepreneur are in charge of shaping their economic system in a way that resource and skill complementarities are exploited to the mutual benefit.

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