The Black—Scholes Theory of Option Prices

2003 ◽  
pp. 49-84
Author(s):  
Johannes Voit
Keyword(s):  
Option Prices ◽  
Black Scholes

scholarly journals OPTIONS WRITTEN ON STOCKS WITH KNOWN DIVIDENDS

2004 ◽  
Vol 07 (07) ◽  
pp. 901-907
Author(s):  
ERIK EKSTRÖM ◽  
JOHAN TYSK
Keyword(s):  
Stock Price ◽  
Option Price ◽  
Option Prices ◽  
Strike Price ◽  
Call Options ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Black Scholes ◽  
Market Practice ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Risk Free Rate

There are two common methods for pricing European call options on a stock with known dividends. The market practice is to use the Black–Scholes formula with the stock price reduced by the present value of the dividends. An alternative approach is to increase the strike price with the dividends compounded to expiry at the risk-free rate. These methods correspond to different stock price models and thus in general give different option prices. In the present paper we generalize these methods to time- and level-dependent volatilities and to arbitrary contract functions. We show, for convex contract functions and under very general conditions on the volatility, that the method which is market practice gives the lower option price. For call options and some other common contracts we find bounds for the difference between the two prices in the case of constant volatility.

scholarly journals PENENTUAN HARGA KONTRAK OPSI KOMODITAS EMAS MENGGUNAKAN METODE POHON BINOMIAL

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
I GEDE RENDIAWAN ADI BRATHA ◽  
KOMANG DHARMAWAN ◽  
NI LUH PUTU SUCIPTAWATI
Keyword(s):  
Option Prices ◽  
European Option ◽  
Binomial Tree ◽  
Call Options ◽  
Option Contracts ◽  
Put Option ◽  
Black Scholes ◽  
Tree Method

Holding option contracts are considered as a new way to invest. In pricing the option contracts, an investor can apply the binomial tree method. The aim of this paper is to present how the European option contracts are calculated using binomial tree method with some different choices of strike prices. Then, the results are compared with the Black-Scholes method. The results obtained show the prices of call options contracts of European type calculated by the binomial tree method tends to be cheaper compared with the price of that calculated by the Black-Scholes method. In contrast to the put option prices, the prices calculated by the binomial tree method are slightly more expensive.

scholarly journals On the Uniqueness of Martingales with Certain Prescribed Marginals

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 557-575
Author(s):  
Michael R. Tehranchi
Keyword(s):  
Brownian Motion ◽  
Random Walk ◽  
Asset Price ◽  
Simple Random Walk ◽  
Option Prices ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Binomial Tree ◽  
Black Scholes ◽  
Risk Neutral ◽  
Binomial Tree Model

This note contains two main results. (i) (Discrete time) Suppose that S is a martingale whose marginal laws agree with a geometric simple random walk. (In financial terms, let S be a risk-neutral asset price and suppose that the initial option prices agree with the Cox-Ross-Rubinstein binomial tree model.) Then S is a geometric simple random walk. (ii) (Continuous time) Suppose that S=S0eσ X-σ2〈 X〉/2 is a continuous martingale whose marginal laws agree with a geometric Brownian motion. (In financial terms, let S be a risk-neutral asset price and suppose that the initial option prices agree with the Black-Scholes model with volatility σ>0.) Then there exists a Brownian motion W such that Xt=Wt+o(t1/4+ ε) as t↑∞ for any ε> 0.

On the Uniqueness of Martingales with Certain Prescribed Marginals

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (02) ◽  
pp. 557-575
Author(s):  
Michael R. Tehranchi
Keyword(s):  
Brownian Motion ◽  
Random Walk ◽  
Asset Price ◽  
Simple Random Walk ◽  
Option Prices ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Binomial Tree ◽  
Black Scholes ◽  
Risk Neutral ◽  
Binomial Tree Model

This note contains two main results. (i) (Discrete time) Suppose that S is a martingale whose marginal laws agree with a geometric simple random walk. (In financial terms, let S be a risk-neutral asset price and suppose that the initial option prices agree with the Cox-Ross-Rubinstein binomial tree model.) Then S is a geometric simple random walk. (ii) (Continuous time) Suppose that S=S 0eσ X-σ2〈 X〉/2 is a continuous martingale whose marginal laws agree with a geometric Brownian motion. (In financial terms, let S be a risk-neutral asset price and suppose that the initial option prices agree with the Black-Scholes model with volatility σ>0.) Then there exists a Brownian motion W such that X t =W t +o(t 1/4+ ε) as t↑∞ for any ε> 0.

An Empirical Research on the Informational Efficiency of Model Free Implied Volatility

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-94
Author(s):  
Byung Kun Rhee ◽  
Sang Won Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Implied Volatility ◽  
Realized Volatility ◽  
Informational Efficiency ◽  
Option Prices ◽  
Index Options ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Black Scholes ◽  
Option Pricing Model ◽  
Korean Market ◽  
Better Than

Black-Scholes Imolied volatility (8SIV) has a few drawbacks. One is that the model Is not much successful in fitting the option prices. and It Is n야 guaranteed the model is correct one. Second. the usual tradition in using the BSIV is that only at-the-money Options are used. It is well-known that IV's of In-the-money or Qut-of-the-money ootions are much different from those estimated from near-the-money options. In this regard, a new model is confronted with Korean market data. Brittenxmes and Neuberger (2000) derive a formula for volatility which is a function of option prices‘ Since the formula is derived without using any option pricing model. volatility estimated from the formula is called model-tree implied volatillty (MFIV). MFIV overcomes the two drawbacks of BSIV. Jiang and Tian (2005) show that. with the S&P index Options (SPX), MFIV is suoerlor to historical volatility (HV) or BSIV in forecasting the future volatllity. In KOSPI 200 index options, when the forecasting performances are compared, MFIV is better than any other estimated volatilities. The hypothesis that MFIV contains all informations for realized volatility and the other volatilities are redundant is oot rejected in any cases.

scholarly journals ON PERFORMATIVITY: OPTION THEORY AND THE RESISTANCE OF FINANCIAL PHENOMENA

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Brisset
Keyword(s):  
Historical Sociology ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Option Prices ◽  
Stock Market Crash ◽  
Correct Conclusion ◽  
The Social ◽  
Black Scholes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Option Theory

The issue of performativity concerns the claim that economics shape rather than merely describe the social world. This idea took hold following a paper by Donald MacKenzie and Yuval Millo entitled “Constructing a Market, Performing Theory: The Historical Sociology of a Financial Derivatives Exchange” (2003). That paper constitutes an important contribution to the history of economic thought, since it provides an original way to focus on the scientific construction of the real economy. The authors discuss the empirical success of the Black–Scholes–Merton (BSM) model on the Chicago Board Options Exchange during the period from 1973 to 1987. They explain this success in part as instead of discovering pre-existing price regularities, the model was used by traders to anticipate option prices in their arbitrages. As a result, option prices came to correspond to the theoretical prices derived from the BSM model. In the present article I show that this is not a completely correct conclusion, since the BSM model never became a self-fulfilling model. I would claim that the October 1987 stock market crash is empirical proof that the financial world never fit with the economic theory underpinning the BSM.

scholarly journals Analytical Solution of Black-Scholes Equation in Predicting Market Prices and Its Pricing Bias

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Azor, Promise Andaowei ◽  
Amadi, Innocent Uchenna
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Solution ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Call Option ◽  
Option Prices ◽  
Goodness Of Fit Test ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
European Call Option ◽  
Black Scholes

This paper is geared towards implementation of Black-Scholes equation in valuation of European call option and predicting market prices for option traders. First, we explained how Black-Scholes equation can be used to estimate option prices and then we also estimated the BS pricing bias from where market prices were predicted. From the results, it was discovered that Black-Scholes values were relatively close to market prices but a little increase in strike prices (K) decreases the option prices. Furthermore, goodness of fit test was done using Kolmogorov –Sminorvov to study BSM and Market prices.

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