Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a disease of the retina, which leads over time to vision problems such retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, glaucoma, and in worse cases leads to blindness, which can initially be controlled by periodic DR-screening. Early diagnosis will lead to greater control of the disease, whereas performing retinal examinations on all diabetic patients is an unattainable need, as diabetes is a chronic disease and its global prevalence has been steadily increasing over the past few decades. According to recent World Health Organization statistics, about 422 million people worldwide have diabetes, the majority living in low-and middle-income countries. This paper proposes a new strategy that brings the strength of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to the diagnosis of DR. Coupled with using principal component analysis (PCA) that performs dimension reduction to improve the diagnostic accuracy, the proposed model exploiting edge-preserving guided image filtering (E-GIF) that performs as a contrast enhancement mechanism, and in addition to smoothing low gradient areas, it also accentuates strong edges. Diabetic retinopathy causes progressive damage to the blood vessels in the retina to the extent that it leaves traces and lesions in the tissues of the retina. These lesions appear in the form of edges and when processing retinal images, we seek to accentuate these edges to enable better diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy symptoms. A new CNN architecture with residual connections is used, which performs very well in diagnosing DR. The proposed model is named with RUnet-PCA: Residual U-net Deep CNN with Principal Component Analysis. The well-known AlexNet, VggNet-s, VggNet-16, VggNet-19, GoogleNet, and ResNet models were adopted for comparison with the proposed model. Publicly available Kaggle dataset was employed for training exploring the DR diagnosis accuracy. Experimental results show that the proposed RUnet-PCA model achieved a diagnosis accuracy of 98.44% and it was extremely robust and promising in comparison to other diagnosis methods.
Fuzzy modeling network type 2 and principal component analysis for the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy