Leaf structure and function in evergreen trees and shrubs of Japanese warm temperate rain forest I. The structure of the lamina

1975 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter John Grubb ◽  
Elizabeth A. A. Grubb ◽  
Itsuo Miyata
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Leaf Structure ◽  
Temperate Rain Forest ◽  
And Function ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Warm Temperate

Cacao, Shade, and Agroforestry

2021 ◽  
pp. 138-145
Author(s):  
Dale Walters
Keyword(s):  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
And Function ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

In its natural habitat, cacao grows in the shade of larger trees. In fact, 70 percent of the world’s cacao is grown with some level of shade. This comes mostly from native forest trees, thinned out to provide space for cacao seedlings to be planted, or to a lesser extent, from trees specially planted to provide shade. This mixture of shade trees and shrubs creates a three-tier canopy, resulting in a multi-species system similar in structure and function to a forest, known as an agroforest. Cacao agroforestry systems include full-sun cacao, diversified-shade cacao, and specialized-shade cacao. Achieving an appropriate level of shading for cacao is important, since it affects yield and can influence pest and disease outbreaks. Shade in cacao also helps to maintain biodiversity, so getting shade right in cacao agroforestry is important. This chapter examines the benefits and problems associated with growing cacao with and without shade.

Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems. Structure and Function.

1985 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 711
Author(s):  
P. J. Grubb ◽  
F. B. Golley
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
Tropical Rain Forest ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Plant community structure and function in a swamp forest within the Atlantic rain forest complex: a synthesis

Rodriguésia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Rubio Scarano
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Atlantic Rain Forest ◽  
Plant Community Structure ◽  
Swamp Forest ◽  
Plant Ecophysiology ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT This paper synthesises a decade of research on a swamp forest within the Atlantic forest complex in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. I propose that this swamp is a fragile ecosystem, since its diversity and functioning are highly dependent on a specific interaction between two functional groups: shade-providers (locally rare trees) and providers of safe germination sites (terrestrial bromeliads). This conclusion is based on a broad set of data regarding plant ecophysiology, population and community ecology and phytogeography, which I review here. I discuss the implications of these findings for conservation and restoration of swamps at the Atlantic forest complex.

Leaf lifespan as a determinant of leaf structure and function among 23 amazonian tree species

Oecologia ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Reich ◽  
C. Uhl ◽  
M. B. Walters ◽  
D. S. Ellsworth
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Leaf Structure ◽  
Leaf Lifespan ◽  
And Function
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