The course of biodegradation of anionic detergents by analyses for carbon, methylene blue active substance and sulfate ion

Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan modifikasi zeolit alam teraktivasi NH4Cl (H-Zeolit) dengan surfaktan CTAB (Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide) berbagai konsentrasi yaitu sebesar 0,25 mM (ZMS-1), 1 mM (ZMS-2), dan 100 mM (ZMS-3) sebagai adsorben senyawa ABS (Alkil Benzena Sulfonat). Karakterisasi dilakukan terhadap H-Zeolit dan ZMS menggunakan spektrofotometer FTIR. Parameter utama dalam penelitian ini adalah variasi konsentrasi ABS (50, 75, dan 100 ppm) dan waktu kontak (15, 30, 45, 60, 75, dan 90 menit). Konsentrasi ABS yang teradsorpsi dianalisis dengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis menggunakan metode MBAS (Methylene Blue Active Substance). Hasil spektra FTIR zeolit alam termodifikasi surfaktan (ZMS) menunjukkan puncak pada bilangan gelombang 2931,80 cm-1; 2854,65 cm-1 dan 1404,18 cm-1 yang mengindikasikan keberadaan gugus CTAB pada zeolit. Konsentrasi maksimum dan waktu optimum ABS yang dapat dijerap oleh per 0,1 gram ZMS adalah 50 ppm dalam 25 mL pada waktu 60 menit dengan persen adsorpsi sebesar 84,04% untuk H-Zeolit ; 96,42% untuk ZMS-1; 96,48% untuk ZMS-2; dan 97,29% untuk ZMS-3. Performa ZMS cenderung meningkat dengan konsentrasi CTAB pada zeolit.

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Controlled Release of Active Substance from Biodegradable Copolymer Matrix

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.798 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 510-511 ◽

pp. 798-801

Author(s):

Hyung Suk So ◽

Hyun Chul Shin ◽

Beom Suk Kim ◽

Yeong Seok Yoo

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Active Substance ◽

Phosphate Buffer Solution ◽

Ultra Violet ◽

Hydroxyl Groups ◽

Buffer Solution ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Effective Discharge ◽

Constant Rate ◽

Long Time

The purpose of this study is to develop a new system to control effective discharge of active substances such as agricultural chemicals. To synthesize a naturally dissolvable polymer; ε-caprolactone and diglycolide were copolymerized with ethylene glycol as an initiator to produce macrodiol. As macrodiol has hydroxyl groups in both ends, they are modified with methacryloyl chloride for photochemical networking. After standard macromonomer produced by this procedure was physically mixed with methylene blue, it was networked with ultra-violet rays to be filmed. This film is naturally dissolvable and hydrolytic. As a result of hydrolytic test with a crosslinked structure of 10 % methylene blue, it decreased by 9 % for seven weeks in 37 °C phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7). Thus, we verified that active substance can be discharged from a crosslinked structure for a long time at a constant rate under room temperature.

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Analysis for sulfate ion in the biodegradation of anionic detergents

Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society ◽

10.1007/bf02667170 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 45 (8) ◽

pp. 560-562 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. C. Cordon ◽

E. W. Maurer ◽

O. Panasiuk ◽

A. J. Stirton

Keyword(s):

Sulfate Ion ◽

Anionic Detergents

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Use of azure A instead of methylene blue for determination of anionic detergents in drinking and surface waters

Water Research ◽

10.1016/0043-1354(69)90064-5 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 31-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

W.A.M. den Tonkelaar ◽

G. Bergshoeff

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Surface Waters ◽

Azure A ◽

Anionic Detergents

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Microemulsions based on polyglycerol polyricinoleate as drug delivery systems

10.33920/med-13-2002-02 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 24-33

Author(s):

Natalya Sedyakina ◽

Nataliya Feldman ◽

Sergey Lutsenko

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Small Intestine ◽

Active Substance ◽

Tween 80 ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Reverse Microemulsion ◽

Biologically Active Substance ◽

Paraffin Oil ◽

System Water

The aim of the work is to develop composition of reverse microemulsion stabilized by the surfactant from a number of polyglycerol polyricinoleates for encapsulating water-soluble biologically active substance (BAS) and studying the kinetics of its release into the medium simulating the medium of the small intestine. Materials and methods. Possible stable (equilibrium) phases of the reverse microemulsion in the pseudoternary system water–PG-3-PR/Tween 80–paraffin oil were determined by titration of surfactant/co-surfactant mixtures–oil in water with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values of the surfactant mixture ranging from 4.0 to 7.0. Stability of a number of compositions during storage at 20 °C for 6 months was studied. Based on the obtained data, a composition was selected for encapsulating methylene blue (MS) dye as a model of a water-soluble biologically active substance. Microemulsion was obtained by mixing paraffin oil and surfactants with selected mass ratio followed by the addition of an aqueous phase. Reverse microemulsion morphology was evaluated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). To evaluate the in vitro drug release rate, aliquots of an aqueous dye solution (control sample) and MB-containing microemulsions were placed in dialysis bags and immersed in 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4) in a thermostatic shaking incubator at 180 rpm and 37 °C. Aliquots of the release medium were selected at predetermined time intervals and the concentration of MB dye was determined using a UV spectrophotometer at 660 nm. Results. Composition containing 13.5 wt% paraffin oil, 76.5 wt% mixture of PG3-PR/Tween 80 (HLB 5.5) and 10 wt% water was chosen to encapsulate the biologically active agents. Number average droplet diameter in the dispersed phase of the obtained microemulsion was 55 nm. Dye-loaded microemulsion sample showed a prolonged release of biologically active substances within 48 hours of the experiment (15.2%) and low initial release rate. Conclusion. Possible stable phases of reverse microemulsion in the pseudoternary system water–PG-3-PR/Twin 80–paraffin oil were determined in the course of the work and optimal microemulsion composition for encapsulating medicinal substances was found. It was shown that the resulting microemulsion system provides a sustained release of methylene blue as a model of a water-soluble biologically active substance in a medium simulating medium of the small intestine. The obtained data allow to consider this composition as a potential nanoscale system for the sustained delivery of water-soluble drugs.

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A SEM and Light Microscope Study of the Epidermal Leaf Structures of the Carnivorous Plant, Sarracenia purpurea, L.

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100065833 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 358-359

Author(s):

B. J. Panessa ◽

J. F. Gennaro

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Toluidine Blue ◽

Outer Surface ◽

Microscope Study ◽

Light Microscope ◽

Carnivorous Plant ◽

Sarracenia Purpurea ◽

Inner Surface

Tissue from the hood and sarcophagus regions were fixed in 6% glutaraldehyde in 1 M.cacodylate buffer and washed in buffer. Tissue for SEM was partially dried, attached to aluminium targets with silver conducting paint, carbon-gold coated(100-500Å), and examined in a Kent Cambridge Stereoscan S4. Tissue for the light microscope was post fixed in 1% aqueous OsO4, dehydrated in acetone (4°C), embedded in Epon 812 and sectioned at ½u on a Sorvall MT 2 ultramicrotome. Cross and longitudinal sections were cut and stained with PAS, 0.5% toluidine blue and 1% azure II-methylene blue. Measurements were made from both SEM and Light micrographs.The tissue had two structurally distinct surfaces, an outer surface with small (225-500 µ) pubescent hairs (12/mm2), numerous stoma (77/mm2), and nectar glands(8/mm2); and an inner surface with large (784-1000 µ)stiff hairs(4/mm2), fewer stoma (46/mm2) and larger, more complex glands(16/mm2), presumably of a digestive nature.

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