Corticostriatal projections from the somatic motor areas of the frontal cortex in the macaque monkey: segregation versus overlap of input zones from the primary motor cortex, the supplementary motor area, and the premotor cortex

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Takada ◽  
H. Tokuno ◽  
A. Nambu ◽  
M. Inase
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Corticostriatal Projections ◽  
Motor Areas

Imagery of Voluntary Movement of Fingers, Toes, and Tongue Activates Corresponding Body-Part-Specific Motor Representations

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 3304-3316 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Henrik Ehrsson ◽  
Stefan Geyer ◽  
Eiichi Naito
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Cortex Area ◽  
Area 6 ◽  
Motor Areas

We investigate whether imagery of voluntary movements of different body parts activates somatotopical sections of the human motor cortices. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to detect the cortical activity when 7 healthy subjects imagine performing repetitive (0.5-Hz) flexion/extension movements of the right fingers or right toes, or horizontal movements of the tongue. We also collected functional images when the subjects actually executed these movements and used these data to define somatotopical representations in the motor areas. In this study, we relate the functional activation maps to cytoarchitectural population maps of areas 4a, 4p, and 6 in the same standard anatomical space. The important novel findings are 1) that imagery of hand movements specifically activates the hand sections of the contralateral primary motor cortex (area 4a) and the contralateral dorsal premotor cortex (area 6) and a hand representation located in the caudal cingulate motor area and the most ventral part of the supplementary motor area; 2) that when imagining making foot movements, the foot zones of the posterior part of the contralateral supplementary motor area (area 6) and the contralateral primary motor cortex (area 4a) are active; and 3) that imagery of tongue movements activates the tongue region of the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex bilaterally (areas 4a, 4p, and 6). These results demonstrate that imagery of action engages the somatotopically organized sections of the primary motor cortex in a systematic manner as well as activating some body-part-specific representations in the nonprimary motor areas. Thus the content of the mental motor image, in this case the body part, is reflected in the pattern of motor cortical activation.

Corticospinal Tract Microstructure Correlates With Beta Oscillatory Activity in the Primary Motor Cortex After Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Schulz ◽  
Marlene Bönstrup ◽  
Stephanie Guder ◽  
Jingchun Liu ◽  
Benedikt Frey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Fractional Anisotropy ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Premotor Area ◽  
Beta Power

Background and Purpose: Cortical beta oscillations are reported to serve as robust measures of the integrity of the human motor system. Their alterations after stroke, such as reduced movement-related beta desynchronization in the primary motor cortex, have been repeatedly related to the level of impairment. However, there is only little data whether such measures of brain function might directly relate to structural brain changes after stroke. Methods: This multimodal study investigated 18 well-recovered patients with stroke (mean age 65 years, 12 males) by means of task-related EEG and diffusion-weighted structural MRI 3 months after stroke. Beta power at rest and movement-related beta desynchronization was assessed in 3 key motor areas of the ipsilesional hemisphere that are the primary motor cortex (M1), the ventral premotor area and the supplementary motor area. Template trajectories of corticospinal tracts (CST) originating from M1, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor area were used to quantify the microstructural state of CST subcomponents. Linear mixed-effects analyses were used to relate tract-related mean fractional anisotropy to EEG measures. Results: In the present cohort, we detected statistically significant reductions in ipsilesional CST fractional anisotropy but no alterations in EEG measures when compared with healthy controls. However, in patients with stroke, there was a significant association between both beta power at rest ( P =0.002) and movement-related beta desynchronization ( P =0.003) in M1 and fractional anisotropy of the CST specifically originating from M1. Similar structure-function relationships were neither evident for ventral premotor area and supplementary motor area, particularly with respect to their CST subcomponents originating from premotor cortex and supplementary motor area, in patients with stroke nor in controls. Conclusions: These data suggest there might be a link connecting microstructure of the CST originating from M1 pyramidal neurons and beta oscillatory activity, measures which have already been related to motor impairment in patients with stroke by previous reports.

scholarly journals Layer specificity of inputs from supplementary motor area and dorsal premotor cortex to primary motor cortex in macaque monkeys

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taihei Ninomiya ◽  
Ken-ichi Inoue ◽  
Eiji Hoshi ◽  
Masahiko Takada
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Tracer Injection ◽  
Macaque Monkeys ◽  
Motor Information

AbstractThe primate frontal lobe processes diverse motor information in parallel through multiple motor-related areas. For example, the supplementary motor area (SMA) is mainly involved in internally-triggered movements, whereas the premotor cortex (PM) is highly responsible for externally-guided movements. The primary motor cortex (M1) deals with both aspects of movements to execute a single motor behavior. To elucidate how the cortical motor system is structured to process a variety of information, the laminar distribution patterns of signals were examined between SMA and M1, or PM and M1 in macaque monkeys by using dual anterograde tract-tracing. Dense terminal labeling was observed in layers 1 and upper 2/3 of M1 after one tracer injection into SMA, another tracer injection into the dorsal division of PM resulted in prominent labeling in the deeper portion of layer 2/3. Weaker labeling was also visible in layer 5 in both cases. On the other hand, inputs from M1 terminated in both the superficial and the deep layers of SMA and PM. The present data indicate that distinct types of motor information are arranged in M1 in a layer-specific fashion to be orchestrated through a microcircuit within M1.

Multiple Nonprimary Motor Areas in the Human Cortex

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 2164-2174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gereon R. Fink ◽  
Richard S. J. Frackowiak ◽  
Uwe Pietrzyk ◽  
Richard E. Passingham
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Human Cortex ◽  
Premotor Area ◽  
Cingulate Motor Area ◽  
Motor Areas

Fink, Gereon R., Richard S. J. Frackowiak, Uwe Pietrzyk, and Richard E. Passingham. Multiple nonprimary motor areas in the human cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2164–2174, 1997. We measured the distribution of regional cerebral blood flow with positron emission tomography while three subjects moved their hand, shoulder, or leg. The images were coregistered with each individual's anatomic magnetic resonance scans. The data were analyzed for each individual to avoid intersubject averaging and so to preserve individual gyral anatomy. Instead of inspecting all pixels, we prospectively restricted the data analysis to particular areas of interest. These were defined on basis of the anatomic and physiological literature on nonhuman primates. By examining only a subset of areas, we strengthened the power of the statistical analysis and thereby increased the confidence in reporting single subject data. On the lateral convexity, motor related activity was found for all three subjects in the primary motor cortex, lateral premotor cortex, and an opercular area within the premotor cortex. In addition, there was activation of somatosensory cortex (SI), the supplementary somatosensory area (SII) in the Sylvian fissure, and parietal association areas (Brodmann areas 5 and 40). There was also activation in the insula. We suggest that the activation in the dorsal premotor cortex may correspond with dorsal premotor area (PMd) as described in the macaque brain. We propose three hypotheses as to the probable location of vental premotor area (PMv) in the human brain. On the medial surface, motor-related activity was found for all three subjects in the leg areas of the primary motor cortex and somatosensory cortex and also activity for the hand, shoulder, and leg in the supplementary motor area (SMA) on the dorsal medial convexity and in three areas in the cingulate sulcus. We suggest that the three cingulate areas may correspond with rostral cingulate premotor area, dorsal cingulate motor area (CMAd), and ventral cingulate motor area (CMAv) as identified in the macaque brain. Somatotopic mapping was demonstrated in the primary motor and primary somatosensory cortex. In all three subjects, the arm region lay anterior to the leg region in parietal area 5. Also in all three subjects, the arm region lay anterior to the leg region in the supplementary motor cortex.

Activation of the Dorsal Premotor Cortex and Pre-Supplementary Motor Area of Humans During an Auditory Conditional Motor Task

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 1667-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi Kurata ◽  
Toshiaki Tsuji ◽  
Satoshi Naraki ◽  
Morio Seino ◽  
Yoshinao Abe
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Dorsal Premotor Cortex ◽  
The Right ◽  
Opposition Movements ◽  
Motor Areas

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we measured regional blood flow to examine which motor areas of the human cerebral cortex are preferentially involved in an auditory conditional motor behavior. As a conditional motor task, randomly selected 330 or 660 Hz tones were presented to the subjects every 1.0 s. The low and high tones indicated that the subjects should initiate three successive opposition movements by tapping together the right thumb and index finger or the right thumb and little finger, respectively. As a control task, the same subjects were asked to alternate the two opposition movements, in response to randomly selected tones that were presented at the same frequencies. Between the two tasks, MRI images were also scanned in the resting state while the tones were presented in the same way. Comparing the images during each of the two tasks with images during the resting state, it was observed that several frontal motor areas, including the primary motor cortex, dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), supplementary motor area (SMA), and pre-SMA, were activated. However, preferential activation during the conditional motor task was observed only in the PMd and pre-SMA of the subjects' left (contralateral) frontal cortex. The PMd has been thought to play an important role in transforming conditional as well as spatial visual cues into corresponding motor responses, but our results suggest that the PMd along with the pre-SMA are the sites where more general and extensive sensorimotor integration takes place.

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