Activation of the Dorsal Premotor Cortex and Pre-Supplementary Motor Area of Humans During an Auditory Conditional Motor Task

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we measured regional blood flow to examine which motor areas of the human cerebral cortex are preferentially involved in an auditory conditional motor behavior. As a conditional motor task, randomly selected 330 or 660 Hz tones were presented to the subjects every 1.0 s. The low and high tones indicated that the subjects should initiate three successive opposition movements by tapping together the right thumb and index finger or the right thumb and little finger, respectively. As a control task, the same subjects were asked to alternate the two opposition movements, in response to randomly selected tones that were presented at the same frequencies. Between the two tasks, MRI images were also scanned in the resting state while the tones were presented in the same way. Comparing the images during each of the two tasks with images during the resting state, it was observed that several frontal motor areas, including the primary motor cortex, dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), supplementary motor area (SMA), and pre-SMA, were activated. However, preferential activation during the conditional motor task was observed only in the PMd and pre-SMA of the subjects' left (contralateral) frontal cortex. The PMd has been thought to play an important role in transforming conditional as well as spatial visual cues into corresponding motor responses, but our results suggest that the PMd along with the pre-SMA are the sites where more general and extensive sensorimotor integration takes place.

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Corticostriatal projections from the somatic motor areas of the frontal cortex in the macaque monkey: segregation versus overlap of input zones from the primary motor cortex, the supplementary motor area, and the premotor cortex

Experimental Brain Research ◽

10.1007/s002210050384 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 120 (1) ◽

pp. 114-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 129

Author(s):

M. Takada ◽

H. Tokuno ◽

A. Nambu ◽

M. Inase

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Frontal Cortex ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Supplementary Motor Area ◽

Premotor Cortex ◽

Macaque Monkey ◽

Motor Area ◽

Corticostriatal Projections ◽

Motor Areas

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Emulation of kinesthesia during motor imagery

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x0438009x ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 412-413 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Norihiro Sadato ◽

Eiichi Naito

Keyword(s):

Motor Imagery ◽

Supplementary Motor Area ◽

Premotor Cortex ◽

Motor Area ◽

Tendon Vibration ◽

Dorsal Premotor Cortex ◽

Mental Rehearsal ◽

Cingulate Motor Area ◽

Motor Areas

Illusory kinesthetic sensation was influenced by motor imagery of the wrist following tendon vibration. The imagery and the illusion conditions commonly activated the contralateral cingulate motor area, supplementary motor area, dorsal premotor cortex, and ipsilateral cerebellum. This supports the notion that motor imagery is a mental rehearsal of movement, during which expected kinesthetic sensation is emulated by recruiting multiple motor areas, commonly activated by pure kinesthesia.

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Imagery of Voluntary Movement of Fingers, Toes, and Tongue Activates Corresponding Body-Part-Specific Motor Representations

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.01113.2002 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 90 (5) ◽

pp. 3304-3316 ◽

Cited By ~ 360

Author(s):

H. Henrik Ehrsson ◽

Stefan Geyer ◽

Eiichi Naito

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Supplementary Motor Area ◽

Premotor Cortex ◽

Body Part ◽

Cortical Activation ◽

Motor Area ◽

Cortex Area ◽

Area 6 ◽

Motor Areas

We investigate whether imagery of voluntary movements of different body parts activates somatotopical sections of the human motor cortices. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to detect the cortical activity when 7 healthy subjects imagine performing repetitive (0.5-Hz) flexion/extension movements of the right fingers or right toes, or horizontal movements of the tongue. We also collected functional images when the subjects actually executed these movements and used these data to define somatotopical representations in the motor areas. In this study, we relate the functional activation maps to cytoarchitectural population maps of areas 4a, 4p, and 6 in the same standard anatomical space. The important novel findings are 1) that imagery of hand movements specifically activates the hand sections of the contralateral primary motor cortex (area 4a) and the contralateral dorsal premotor cortex (area 6) and a hand representation located in the caudal cingulate motor area and the most ventral part of the supplementary motor area; 2) that when imagining making foot movements, the foot zones of the posterior part of the contralateral supplementary motor area (area 6) and the contralateral primary motor cortex (area 4a) are active; and 3) that imagery of tongue movements activates the tongue region of the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex bilaterally (areas 4a, 4p, and 6). These results demonstrate that imagery of action engages the somatotopically organized sections of the primary motor cortex in a systematic manner as well as activating some body-part-specific representations in the nonprimary motor areas. Thus the content of the mental motor image, in this case the body part, is reflected in the pattern of motor cortical activation.

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Corticospinal Tract Microstructure Correlates With Beta Oscillatory Activity in the Primary Motor Cortex After Stroke

Stroke ◽

10.1161/strokeaha.121.034344 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Robert Schulz ◽

Marlene Bönstrup ◽

Stephanie Guder ◽

Jingchun Liu ◽

Benedikt Frey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Fractional Anisotropy ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Supplementary Motor Area ◽

Premotor Cortex ◽

Motor Impairment ◽

Motor Area ◽

Oscillatory Activity ◽

Premotor Area ◽

Beta Power

Background and Purpose: Cortical beta oscillations are reported to serve as robust measures of the integrity of the human motor system. Their alterations after stroke, such as reduced movement-related beta desynchronization in the primary motor cortex, have been repeatedly related to the level of impairment. However, there is only little data whether such measures of brain function might directly relate to structural brain changes after stroke. Methods: This multimodal study investigated 18 well-recovered patients with stroke (mean age 65 years, 12 males) by means of task-related EEG and diffusion-weighted structural MRI 3 months after stroke. Beta power at rest and movement-related beta desynchronization was assessed in 3 key motor areas of the ipsilesional hemisphere that are the primary motor cortex (M1), the ventral premotor area and the supplementary motor area. Template trajectories of corticospinal tracts (CST) originating from M1, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor area were used to quantify the microstructural state of CST subcomponents. Linear mixed-effects analyses were used to relate tract-related mean fractional anisotropy to EEG measures. Results: In the present cohort, we detected statistically significant reductions in ipsilesional CST fractional anisotropy but no alterations in EEG measures when compared with healthy controls. However, in patients with stroke, there was a significant association between both beta power at rest ( P =0.002) and movement-related beta desynchronization ( P =0.003) in M1 and fractional anisotropy of the CST specifically originating from M1. Similar structure-function relationships were neither evident for ventral premotor area and supplementary motor area, particularly with respect to their CST subcomponents originating from premotor cortex and supplementary motor area, in patients with stroke nor in controls. Conclusions: These data suggest there might be a link connecting microstructure of the CST originating from M1 pyramidal neurons and beta oscillatory activity, measures which have already been related to motor impairment in patients with stroke by previous reports.

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Converging inputs from the supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex onto the primary motor cortex in the monkey

Neuroscience Research ◽

10.1016/s0168-0102(98)82593-5 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. S157

Author(s):

Hironobu Tokuno ◽

Atsushi Nambu

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Supplementary Motor Area ◽

Premotor Cortex ◽

Motor Area

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Resting State Functional Connectivity Predicts Future Changes in Sedentary Behavior

10.1101/2021.01.26.428161 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Timothy P. Morris ◽

Aaron Kucyi ◽

Sheeba Arnold Anteraper ◽

Maiya Rachel Geddes ◽

Alfonso Nieto-Castañon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Functional Connectivity ◽

Resting State ◽

Exercise Intervention ◽

Supplementary Motor Area ◽

Anterior Insula ◽

Motor Area ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Sedentary Behaviors ◽

Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽

The Right

AbstractInformation about a person’s available energy resources is integrated in daily behavioral choices that weigh motor costs against expected rewards. It has been posited that humans have an innate attraction towards effort minimization and that executive control is required to overcome this prepotent disposition. With sedentary behaviors increasing at the cost of millions of dollars spent in health care and productivity losses due to physical inactivity-related deaths, understanding the predictors of sedentary behaviors will improve future intervention development and precision medicine approaches. In 64 healthy older adults participating in a 6-month aerobic exercise intervention, we use neuroimaging (resting state functional connectivity), baseline measures of executive function and accelerometer measures of time spent sedentary to predict future changes in objectively measured time spent sedentary in daily life. Using cross-validation and bootstrap resampling, our results demonstrate that functional connectivity between 1) the anterior cingulate cortex and the supplementary motor area and 2) the right anterior insula and the left temporoparietal/temporooccipital junction, predict changes in time spent sedentary, whereas baseline cognitive, behavioral and demographic measures do not. Previous research has shown activation in and between the anterior cingulate and supplementary motor area as well as in the right anterior insula during effort avoidance and tasks that integrate motor costs and reward benefits in effort-based decision making. Our results add important knowledge toward understanding mechanistic associations underlying complex sedentary behaviors.

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Layer specificity of inputs from supplementary motor area and dorsal premotor cortex to primary motor cortex in macaque monkeys

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-54220-z ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Taihei Ninomiya ◽

Ken-ichi Inoue ◽

Eiji Hoshi ◽

Masahiko Takada

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Supplementary Motor Area ◽

Motor Behavior ◽

Premotor Cortex ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Motor Area ◽

Tracer Injection ◽

Macaque Monkeys ◽

Motor Information

AbstractThe primate frontal lobe processes diverse motor information in parallel through multiple motor-related areas. For example, the supplementary motor area (SMA) is mainly involved in internally-triggered movements, whereas the premotor cortex (PM) is highly responsible for externally-guided movements. The primary motor cortex (M1) deals with both aspects of movements to execute a single motor behavior. To elucidate how the cortical motor system is structured to process a variety of information, the laminar distribution patterns of signals were examined between SMA and M1, or PM and M1 in macaque monkeys by using dual anterograde tract-tracing. Dense terminal labeling was observed in layers 1 and upper 2/3 of M1 after one tracer injection into SMA, another tracer injection into the dorsal division of PM resulted in prominent labeling in the deeper portion of layer 2/3. Weaker labeling was also visible in layer 5 in both cases. On the other hand, inputs from M1 terminated in both the superficial and the deep layers of SMA and PM. The present data indicate that distinct types of motor information are arranged in M1 in a layer-specific fashion to be orchestrated through a microcircuit within M1.

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1519 Role of the supplementary motor area and the right premotor cortex in coordination of bimanual finger movements

Neuroscience Research ◽

10.1016/s0168-0102(97)90507-1 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. S187 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Norihiro Sadato ◽

Yoshiharu Yonekura

Keyword(s):

Supplementary Motor Area ◽

Premotor Cortex ◽

Motor Area ◽

Finger Movements ◽

The Right

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Surface-based Map Plasticity of the Sensorimotor Cortex in Hip Disorder at Local and Extensive Levels: A Resting-state fMRI Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-87128/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jie Ma ◽

Xu-Yun Hua ◽

Mou-Xiong Zheng ◽

Jia-Jia Wu ◽

Bei-Bei Huo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Cortical Thickness ◽

Resting State ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Premotor Cortex ◽

Frontal Eye Field ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Eye Field ◽

Somatotopic Map ◽

The Right

Abstract Background: Pain is one of the manifestations of hip disorder and has been proven to lead to the remodeling of somatotopic map plasticity in the cortex. However, it’s not clear whether hip disorder with pain induces somatotopic map plasticity in the cortex. We aimed to evaluate the surface-based map plasticity of the somatotopic cortex in hip disorder at local and extensive levels by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI).Methods: 20 patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) (12 males and 8 females, age= 56.80±13.60 years) with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores ≥ 4 and 20 healthy controls (9 males and 11 females, age= 54.56±10.23 years) were enrolled in this study. rs-fMRI data and T1 imaging data were collected, and surface-based regional homogeneity (ReHo), seed-based functional connectivity (FC), cortical thickness and the volume of subcortical gray nuclei were calculated.Results: Compared with the healthy controls, the ONFH patients showed signiﬁcantly increased surface-based ReHo in areas distributed mainly in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and frontal eye field, the right frontal eye field and the premotor cortex and decreased surface-based ReHo in the right primary motor cortex and primary sensory cortex. When the area with decreased surface-based ReHo in the frontal eye field and right premotor cortex was used as the regions of interest (ROI), compared with the controls, the ONFH patients displayed increased FC in the right middle frontal cortex and right inferior parietal cortex and decreased FC in the right precentral cortex and right middle occipital cortex. ONFH patients also showed signiﬁcantly decreased cortical thickness in the para-insular area, supplementary motor cortex area and frontal eye field and decreased volume of subcortical gray matter nuclei in the right nucleus accumbens (479.32±88.26 vs 539.44±68.36, P=0.026). Conclusions: Hip disorder patients showed cortical plasticity changes, mainly in sensorimotor and pain-related regions.

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