On the relationship between extant innate immune receptors and the evolutionary origins of jawed vertebrate adaptive immunity

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Dornburg ◽  
Jeffrey A. Yoder
2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
T VANDENBERG ◽  
J YODER ◽  
G LITMAN

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 4856-4859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Fletcher ◽  
Leo C. James

TRIM21 is a high-affinity antibody receptor uniquely expressed in the cytosol of mammalian cells. Here we summarize its role in extending antibody protection into the intracellular environment and allowing nonprofessional cells to benefit from adaptive immunity. We highlight recent work that has shed light on how TRIM21 acts as both an immune sensor and effector. We also review how TRIM21 synergizes with other innate immune receptors to promote an integrated antiviral response.


Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 679
Author(s):  
Gaia Pellegrini ◽  
Marcello Maddalone ◽  
Matteo Malvezzi ◽  
Marilisa Toma ◽  
Massimo Del Fabbro ◽  
...  

Objective: Soluble CD14 (sCD14) plays an important role in the innate immune response of the oral cavity. The investigation of this biomarker for detection of carious lesions is an even more actual procedure due to its non-invasiveness and the ease of withdrawal. The purpose of the present observational case-control study was to evaluate whether the quantification of sCD14 in children and adolescent’s saliva can discriminate healthy subjects from those suffering from tooth decay. Materials and Methods: 164 subjects (6 to 17 years) were selected and divided into 2 groups: those with at least 1 decayed tooth were assigned to group Decayed (n = 82) and those free from dental caries to group Healthy (n = 82). The amount of salivary soluble CD14 was quantified. Results: Mean salivary soluble CD14 was 28.3 ± 10.8 μg/mL in the Healthy group and 22 ± 9.6 μg/mL in the Decayed group. A hurdle model was applied to the data to estimate both the probability of having carious lesions and their number in relation to sCD14 levels. sCD14 was strongly associated (p < 0.01) with an inverse relation to both the probability of having caries and their number (falling rate of 5% per unit CD14 μg/mL). Conclusions: This data confirms the relationship between sCD14 and the presence of dental caries. However, there is no clear cut off level between healthy and unhealthy subjects, so it is currently not possible to use sCD14 as a biomarker to determine the risk of decays.


Author(s):  
Changyoun Kim ◽  
Somin Kwon ◽  
Michiyo Iba ◽  
Brian Spencer ◽  
Edward Rockenstein ◽  
...  

AbstractSynucleinopathies are age-related neurological disorders characterized by the progressive deposition of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates and include Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Although cell-to-cell α-syn transmission is thought to play a key role in the spread of α-syn pathology, the detailed mechanism is still unknown. Neuroinflammation is another key pathological feature of synucleinopathies. Previous studies have identified several immune receptors that mediate neuroinflammation in synucleinopathies, such as Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). However, the species of α-syn aggregates varies from study to study, and how different α-syn aggregate species interact with innate immune receptors has yet to be addressed. Therefore, we investigated whether innate immune receptors can facilitate the uptake of different species of α-syn aggregates. Here, we examined whether stimulation of TLRs could modulate the cellular uptake and degradation of α-syn fibrils despite a lack of direct interaction. We observed that stimulation of TLR2 in vitro accelerated α-syn fibril uptake in neurons and glia while delaying the degradation of α-syn in neurons and astrocytes. Internalized α-syn was rapidly degraded in microglia regardless of whether TLR2 was stimulated. However, cellular α-syn uptake and degradation kinetics were not altered by TLR4 stimulation. In addition, upregulation of TLR2 expression in a synucleinopathy mouse model increased the density of Lewy-body-like inclusions and induced morphological changes in microglia. Together, these results suggest that cell type-specific modulation of TLR2 may be a multifaceted and promising therapeutic strategy for synucleinopathies; inhibition of neuronal and astroglial TLR2 decreases pathogenic α-syn transmission, but activation of microglial TLR2 enhances microglial extracellular α-syn clearance.


2008 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-382.e9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Hartl ◽  
Natalie Lehmann ◽  
Florian Hoffmann ◽  
Annette Jansson ◽  
Andreas Hector ◽  
...  

Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 327 (5963) ◽  
pp. 291-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Iwasaki ◽  
R. Medzhitov

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