Risk factors for upper and lower type prolonged postoperative ileus following surgery for Crohn’s disease

Purpose Prolonged postoperative ileus (PPOI) is common after bowel resections, especially in Crohn’s disease (CD). The pathophysiology of PPOI is not fully understood. PPOI could affect only the upper or lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The aim of this study was to assess risk factors for diverse types of PPOI, particularly to differentiate PPOI of upper and lower GI tract. Methods A retrospective analysis of 163 patients with CD undergoing ileocecal resection from 2015 to 2020 in a single center was performed. PPOI of the upper GI tract was predefined as the presence of vomiting or use of nasogastric tube longer than the third postoperative day. Lower PPOI was predefined as the absence of defecation for more than three days. Independent risk factors were identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results Overall incidence of PPOI was 42.7%. PPOI of the upper GI tract was observed in 30.7% and lower PPOI in 20.9% of patients. Independent risk factors for upper PPOI included older age, surgery by a resident surgeon, hand-sewn anastomosis, prolonged opioid analgesia, and reoperation, while for lower PPOI included BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2, preoperative anemia, and absence of ileostomy. Conclusion This study identified different risk factors for upper and lower PPOI after ileocecal resection in patients with CD. A differentiated upper/lower type approach should be considered in future research and clinical practice. High-risk patients for each type of PPOI should be closely monitored, and modifiable risk factors, such as preoperative anemia and opioids, should be avoided if possible.