scholarly journals Proportional fitness loss and the timing of defensive investment: a cohesive framework across animals and plants

Oecologia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 193 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-283
Author(s):  
Michael J. Sheriff ◽  
John L. Orrock ◽  
Maud C. O. Ferrari ◽  
Richard Karban ◽  
Evan L. Preisser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohesive Framework

Challenges Turning Environment and Sustainability Science Into Policy

2019 ◽  
pp. 168-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Dieleman ◽  
Chad Walker ◽  
David Pipher ◽  
Heather Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Sustainability Research ◽  
Policy Frameworks ◽  
Greater Good ◽  
Cooperative Relationship ◽  
Research To Policy ◽  
Cohesive Framework

In theory, there is a strong, two-way relationship between sustainability research and public policy that functions in synchrony to identify, understand, and ultimately address ecological problems for the greater good of society. In reality, such a cooperative relationship is rarely found. Instead, researchers and policymakers face a suite of challenges that prevent effective communication and collaborative pursuits, prolonging the period required to address environmental issues. In this chapter, the authors apply a novel interdisciplinary approach to identify key barriers and solutions to translating research into policy. In doing so, the authors present two separate discussions focused on the natural and social sciences. The authors also review established research-to-policy frameworks to develop the new “cohesive” framework. By addressing key barriers between researchers and policymakers, society will be better able to respond to the various environmental stressors that it faces today.

Multi-level selection, social signaling, and the evolution of human suffering gestures: The example of pain behaviors

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob M. Vigil ◽  
Eric Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social System ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Human Suffering ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Group Coordination ◽  
Pain Expression ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Social Signaling ◽  
Cohesive Framework

AbstractPain suffering has been naturally selected to be experienced and expressed within a wider social system. The communication of pain improves group coordination and decision-making about engaging in resource dependent and potentially risky endeavors. Recent findings warrant the development of a cohesive framework for understanding the reciprocal nature of pain expression and individual and group-level outcomes that can generate novel predictions on the heuristical expression of human suffering in naturalistic and clinical settings.

Research Bioethics in the Ugandan Context II: Procedural and Substantive Reform

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sana Loue ◽  
David Okello
Keyword(s):  
Health Research ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Consensus Conference ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
National Consensus ◽  
Cohesive Framework

In July 1997, the voting representatives at the National Consensus Conference (NCC) on Bioethics in Health Research voted unanimously to adopt the proposed Guidelines for the Conduct of Health Research Involving Human Subjects in Uganda (Guidelines). This vote represented the culmination of a three-year journey towards the development of a coherent and cohesive framework for the ethical review of health research involving human subjects in Uganda.Attendees at the NCC included both voting representatives and non-voting participants. Voting representatives had been designated by the institutional entity with which they were affiliated to represent that entity at the NCC and to voice the concerns and opinions of the entity and its constituents.

scholarly journals Pan-vertebrate comparative genomics unmasks retrovirus macroevolution

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 464-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Hayward ◽  
Charlie K. Cornwallis ◽  
Patric Jern
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Vertebrate Lineage ◽  
Internal Fertilization ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Host Lineage ◽  
Cell Genome ◽  
Cohesive Framework ◽  
Retroviral Evolution

Although extensive research has demonstrated host-retrovirus microevolutionary dynamics, it has been difficult to gain a deeper understanding of the macroevolutionary patterns of host–retrovirus interactions. Here we use recent technological advances to infer broad patterns in retroviral diversity, evolution, and host–virus relationships by using a large-scale phylogenomic approach using endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). Retroviruses insert a proviral DNA copy into the host cell genome to produce new viruses. ERVs are provirus insertions in germline cells that are inherited down the host lineage and consequently present a record of past host–viral associations. By mining ERVs from 65 host genomes sampled across vertebrate diversity, we uncover a great diversity of ERVs, indicating that retroviral sequences are much more prevalent and widespread across vertebrates than previously appreciated. The majority of ERV clades that we recover do not contain known retroviruses, implying either that retroviral lineages are highly transient over evolutionary time or that a considerable number of retroviruses remain to be identified. By characterizing the distribution of ERVs, we show that no major vertebrate lineage has escaped retroviral activity and that retroviruses are extreme host generalists, having an unprecedented ability for rampant host switching among distantly related vertebrates. In addition, we examine whether the distribution of ERVs can be explained by host factors predicted to influence viral transmission and find that internal fertilization has a pronounced effect on retroviral colonization of host genomes. By capturing the mode and pattern of retroviral evolution and contrasting ERV diversity with known retroviral diversity, our study provides a cohesive framework to understand host–virus coevolution better.

scholarly journals On Formalizing Theoretical Expectations: Bayesian Testing of Central Structures in Psychological Networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josue E. Rodriguez ◽  
Donald Ray Williams ◽  
Philippe Rast ◽  
Joris Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Graphical Models ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
Dependence Structure ◽  
Gaussian Graphical Models ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
Partial Correlations ◽  
Psychopathology Symptom ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Cohesive Framework

Network theory has emerged as a popular framework for conceptualizing psychological constructs and mental disorders. Initially, network analysis was motivated in part by the thought that it can be used for hypothesis generation. Although the customary approach for network modeling is inherently exploratory, we argue that there is untapped potential for confirmatory hypothesis testing. In this work, we bring to fruition the potential of Gaussian graphical models for generating testable hypotheses. This is accomplished by merging exploratory and confirmatory analyses into a cohesive framework built around Bayesian hypothesis testing of partial correlations. We first present a motivating example based on a customary, exploratory analysis, where it is made clear how information encoded by the conditional (in)dependence structure can be used to formulate hypotheses. Building upon this foundation, we then provide several empirical examples that unify exploratory and confirmatory testing in psychopathology symptom networks. In particular, we (1) estimate exploratory graphs; (2) derive hypotheses based on the most central structures; and (3) test those hypotheses in a confirmatory setting. Our confirmatory results uncovered an intricate web of relations, including an order to edge weights within comorbidity networks. This illuminates the rich and informative inferences that can be drawn with the proposed approach. We conclude with recommendations for applied researchers, in addition to discussing how our methodology answers recent calls to begin developing formal models related to the conditional (in)dependence structure of psychological networks.

scholarly journals Analysing Plant Representation in Children’s Literature: The Phyto-Analysis Map

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lykke Guanio-Uluru
Keyword(s):  
Children's Literature ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Environmental Humanities ◽  
Non Fiction ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Cohesive Framework

AbstractRecent biological research (Trewavas, 2003; Mancuso & Viola, 2013; Gagliano, 2018) has (re)demonstrated the variety and complexity of the adaptive behaviour of plants. In parallel with these findings, and in acknowledgement of the important role played by plants in the biosphere and climate of the planet, the representation of plants in philosophy, arts and literature has become an object of study within the environmental humanities. In response to the rapidly developing field of critical plant studies, the representation of plants in literatures for children and young adults are now accumulating. Even as the number of studies is increasing, there is as yet no cohesive framework for the analysis of plant representation in children’s literature. This article addresses this gap. Inspired by the Nature-in-Culture Matrix, an analytical figure that provides an overarching schema for ecocritical analysis of children’s texts and cultures (see Goga et al., 2018), this article presents an analytical framework for plant-oriented analysis, the Phyto-Analysis Map. This map has been developed with reference to central concepts from the field of critical plant studies, and its usefulness is elucidated through literary examples. Developed with children’s fiction in mind, the map also has potential application with children’s non-fiction, which often employs fictional textual techniques.

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