Quantifying the effects of climate and watershed structure changes on runoff variations in the Tao River basin by using three different methods under the Budyko framework

This article discusses the spatial and temporal aspects of hydrological processes in catchments after logging for different landscape conditions of Central Siberia. For this discussion, the results of our own research in the Sayan Mountains, the Yenisei Ridge, the Angara River basin, the Khamar-Daban ridge and literature data were involved. It analyzed the impact of felling area to change the river flow and development of the erosion at the catchment area. The annual runoff, its seasonal structure and sediment discharge change significantly in dependence on as area of clearcutting so area of river basin. The authors analyzed the results of observations of the restoration of the water balance in the experimental logging sites of small catchments and the dynamics of runoff in large rivers. Research has shown the vegetation cover structure changes continuously on logged sites during post-logging forest regeneration and future post-cutting hydrologic regime scenarios are determined both by further climatic changes and by vegetation succession trajectories. The role of the time as a factor to decrease erosion at watershed after logging depends of many regional and local features of landscapes and of initial soil mineralized by logging. For the forests of Khamar-Daban mountainous in Baikal basin the model of soil erosion at watersheds after logging was developed.

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Determination of interface width using EELS fine structure changes

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100087963 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 730-731

Author(s):

Vinayak P. Dravid ◽

M.R. Notis ◽

C.E. Lyman

Keyword(s):

Fine Structure ◽

Materials Science ◽

Input Parameter ◽

Core Loss ◽

Directionally Solidified ◽

Interface Width ◽

Structure Changes ◽

Important Input ◽

Directionally Solidified Eutectics

The concept of interfacial width is often invoked in many materials science phenomena which relate to the structure and properties of internal interfaces. The numerical value of interface width is an important input parameter in diffusion equations, sintering theories as well as in many electronic devices/processes. Most often, however, this value is guessed rather than determined or even estimated. In this paper we present a method of determining the effective structural and electronic- structural width of interphase interfaces using low- and core loss fine structure effects in EELS spectra.The specimens used in the study were directionally solidified eutectics (DSEs) in the system; NiO-ZrO2(CaO), NiO-Y2O3 and MnO-ZrO2(ss). EELS experiments were carried out using a VG HB-501 FE STEM and a Hitachi HF-2000 FE TEM.

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In-Situ Observation of Clay Minerals Hydrated and Intercalated With Liquid Chemicals Using Film-Sealed Environmental Cell

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s1431927600000908 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. 208-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. Fukushima ◽

N. Kohyama ◽

A. Fukami

Keyword(s):

Carbon Film ◽

Resolving Power ◽

In Situ Observation ◽

Interlayer Water ◽

Saturated Water ◽

Structure Changes ◽

Environmental Cell ◽

Gas Layer ◽

20 Nm

A film-sealed high resolution environmental cell(E.C) for observing hydrated materials had been developed by us(l). Main specification of the E.C. is as follows: 1) Accelerated voltage; 100 kV. 2) Gas in the E.C.; saturated water vapour with carrier gas of 50 Torr. 3) Thickness of gas layer; 50 μm. 4) Sealing film; evaporated carbon film(20 nm thick) with plastic microgrid. 5) Resolving power; 1 nm. 6) Transmittance of electron beam; 60% at 100 kV. The E.C. had been successfully applied to the study of hydrated halloysite(2) (3). Kaolin minerals have no interlayer water and are basically non-expandable but form intercalation compounds with some specific chemicals such as hydrazine, formamide and etc. Because of these compounds being mostly changed in vacuum, we tried to reveal the structure changes between in wet air and in vacuum of kaolin minerals intercalated with hydrazine and of hydrated state of montmori1lonite using the E.C. developed by us.

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