Abstract. Trace elements play important roles as micronutrients in modulating marine productivity in the global ocean. The South Atlantic around 40° S is a prominent region of high productivity and a transition zone between the nitrate-depleted Subtropical Gyre and the iron-limited Southern Ocean. However, the sources and fluxes of trace elements to this region remain unclear. In this study, the distribution of the naturally occurring radioisotope 228Ra in the water column of the South Atlantic (Cape Basin and Argentine Basin) has been investigated along a 40° S zonal transect to estimate ocean mixing and trace element supply to the surface ocean. Ra-228 profiles have been used to determine the horizontal and vertical mixing rates in the near-surface open ocean. In the Argentine Basin, horizontal mixing from the continental shelf to the open ocean shows an eddy diffusion of Kx = 1.7 ± 1.4 (106 cm2 s−1) and an integrated advection velocity w = 0.6 ± 0.3 cm s−1. In the Cape Basin, horizontal mixing is Kx = 2.7 ± 0.8 (107 cm2 s−1) and vertical mixing Kz = 1.0–1.5 cm2 s−1 in the upper 600 m layer. Three different approaches (228Ra-diffusion, 228Ra-advection and 228Ra/TE-ratio) have been applied to estimate the dissolved trace-element fluxes from shelf to open ocean. These approaches bracket the possible range of off-shelf fluxes from the Argentine margin to be: 3.8–22 (× 103) nmol Co m−2 d−1, 7.9–20 (× 104) nmol Fe m−2 d−1 and 2.7–6.5 (× 104) nmol Zn m−2 d−1. Off-shelf fluxes from the Cape margin are: 4.3–6.2 (× 103) nmol Co m−2 d−1, 1.2–3.1 (× 104) nmol Fe m−2 d−1 and 0.9–1.2 (× 104) nmol Zn m−2 d−1. On average, at 40° S in the Atlantic, vertical mixing supplies 0.4–1.2 nmol Co m−2 d−1, 3.6–11 nmol Fe m−2 d−1, and 13–16 nmol Zn m−2 d−1 to the euphotic zone. Compared with atmospheric dust and continental shelf inputs, vertical mixing is a more important source for supplying dissolved trace elements to the surface 40° S Atlantic. It is insufficient, however, to provide the trace elements removed by biological uptake. Other inputs (e.g. particulate, or from winter deep-mixing) are required to balance the trace element budgets in this region.
Mesoscale and submesoscale mechanisms behind asymmetric cooling and phytoplankton blooms induced by hurricanes: a comparison between an open ocean case and a continental shelf sea case