Bullets and other projectiles cause ballistic trauma. Explosions wound by the effect of a blast pressure wave, penetrating fragments propelled by the explosion, the mass movement of gas interacting with the casualty or the environment, and miscellaneous effects. Most blast casualties surviving to hospital care will not have significant pressure wave injury, but some will. Blast fragmentation most commonly resembles other types of low energy transfer ballistic trauma.. The effect of bullets depends on the kinetic energy transferred and the nature of the tissues struck, with energy transfer partly determined by bullet design. Low energy transfer bullets wound by crushing and laceration, limited to the tissues struck. High energy bullets may impart kinetic energy to surrounding tissues, causing a temporary cavity which sucks in debris and damages tissues sometimes well beyond the bullet track. Predicting the extent of devitalization can be difficult at the time of initial inspection. Wound contamination, particularly with soil, may modify the usual conservative approach to initial debridement.
High beam current shut-off systems in the APS linac and low energy transfer line
