Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Understand How Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Training Facilitates Police Officers’ Mental Health Referrals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Compton ◽  
Shaily Krishan ◽  
Beth Broussard ◽  
Roger Bakeman ◽  
Matthew H. Fleischmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Theory Of Planned Behavior ◽  
Planned Behavior ◽  
Crisis Intervention ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Crisis Intervention Team ◽  
Mental Health Referrals ◽  
Intervention Team

scholarly journals Crisis Intervention Team Training and the Protection Motivation Theory

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monique Allen ◽  
Greg Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Crisis Intervention ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Protection Motivation Theory ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
Crisis Intervention Team ◽  
Intervention Team

The problem addressed in this phenomenological study was the lack of documentation that supported the lived experiences of crisis intervention team (CIT)-trained police officers related to their field encounters with persons with mental illnesses. The purpose of the study was to explore the lived experiences of officers among CIT-trained police officers to address the problem. The protection motivation theory was aligned closest with the teachings of CIT training as described by the study participants’ lived experiences. Participants provided the study’s collected data, which was composed of completed questionnaires and transcribed interviews. The empirical theoretical framework method of analysis used was a combination of inductive coding and theme analysis that established the results of this study. Key findings of the study identified a significant amount of frustration expressed in the lived experiences of the CIT-trained police officers. Frustration was experienced by officers who applied the protection motivation theory to ensure the well-being of persons experiencing a mental crisis. There was considerable pushback from the public mental health facilities, which added to the frustration experienced by CIT-trained police officers who attempted to navigate treatment with the limited resources available to help persons in mental crisis. The positive social change produced from this study included recommendations to police leadership and mental health advocates to encourage certain CIT-training-related practices that directly impact CIT field encounters with persons in mental crises. Specialized training may promote improved departmental outcomes such as sustainability of gains for those in crises and enable police officer accountability and reliability.

Crisis Intervention Team Training in a Correctional Setting: Examining Compliance, Mental Health Referrals, and Use of Force

2020 ◽  
pp. 009385482095939
Author(s):  
Susan Mcneeley ◽  
Christen Donley
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Crisis Intervention ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Crisis Intervention Team ◽  
Correctional Setting ◽  
Maximum Security ◽  
Maximum Security Prison ◽  
Mental Health Referrals ◽  
Intervention Team

The Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model was developed as a specialized police-based program in which officers are trained to safely interact with individuals with mental illnesses. In 2011, the Minnesota Department of Corrections adapted this program for corrections. This study compares prison incidents involving CIT officers to a comparison sample of non-CIT incidents on a number of outcomes, including gaining compliance from people in custody (either immediately or as an incident unfolds), making mental health referrals, and using force against people in custody. We conducted a content analysis of reports describing 500 incidents in an all-male, maximum security prison and estimated multivariate binary logistic models to control for characteristics of situations, incarcerated people, and employees. The findings provide some support for implementing CIT training in a correctional setting, but some less encouraging results show that improvements to the program are still needed.

Characteristics of Patients Referred to Psychiatric Emergency Services by Crisis Intervention Team Police Officers

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 579-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth Broussard ◽  
Joanne A. McGriff ◽  
Berivan N. Demir Neubert ◽  
Barbara D’Orio ◽  
Michael T. Compton
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Intervention ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
Psychiatric Emergency ◽  
Crisis Intervention Team ◽  
Psychiatric Emergency Services ◽  
Intervention Team

scholarly journals Law enforcement and mental health clinician partnerships in global mental health: outcomes for the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model adaptation in Liberia, West Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina Boazak ◽  
Sarah Yoss ◽  
Brandon A. Kohrt ◽  
Wilfred Gwaikolo ◽  
Pat Strode ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Crisis Intervention ◽  
Global Mental Health ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crisis Intervention Team ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Intervention Team ◽  
Cit Model

Abstract Background The Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model is a law enforcement strategy that aims to build alliances between the law enforcement and mental health communities. Despite its success in the United States, CIT has not been used in low- and middle-income countries. This study assesses the immediate and 9-month outcomes of CIT training on trainee knowledge and attitudes. Methods Twenty-two CIT trainees (14 law enforcement officers and eight mental health clinicians) were evaluated using pre-developed measures assessing knowledge and attitudes related to mental illness. Evaluations were conducted prior to, immediately after, and 9 months post training. Results The CIT training produced improvements both immediately and 9 months post training in knowledge and attitudes, suggesting that CIT can benefit law enforcement officers even in extremely low-resource settings with limited specialized mental health service infrastructure. Conclusion These findings support further exploration of the benefits of CIT in highly under-resourced settings.

scholarly journals Do Empathy and Psychological Mindedness Affect Police Officers' Decision to Enter Crisis Intervention Team Training?

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 632-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Compton ◽  
Beth Broussard ◽  
Dana Hankerson-Dyson ◽  
Shaily Krishan ◽  
Tarianna Stewart-Hutto
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Intervention ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Team Training ◽  
Psychological Mindedness ◽  
Crisis Intervention Team ◽  
Intervention Team

scholarly journals Costs and Savings Associated With the Police Use of the interRAI Brief Mental Health Screener

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Hoffman ◽  
Jeffrey Harman ◽  
Heidi Kinsell ◽  
Gregory Brown
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Wait Time ◽  
Crisis Intervention Team ◽  
Police Response ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluations ◽  
Intervention Team

Background: The police response to calls for service identified as being related to mental health continues to be highly controversial. Strategies to improve the police response include Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training and various forms of co-response models neither of which have been subjected to comprehensive evaluations, particularly as to cost-efficiency. A new approach is the use of the interRAI Brief Mental Health Screener to enhance police officer ability to identify persons with serious mental disorders. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the costs and cost efficiency of the police response to mental health calls using the interRAI Brief Mental Health Screener.Method: Secondary data was analyzed from the use of the screener from 2018 to 2020 by police officers in a mid-sized Canadian city. Changes were measured in the overall number of interactions police officers had with persons with mental health disorders, the number of incidents where police officers referred the person to hospital, and the time officers remained in the emergency department.Results: A total of 6,727 assessments were completed with involuntary referrals decreasing by 30%, and voluntary referrals by 34%. The overall time police officers were involved in involuntary referrals decreased from 123 min in 2018 to 113 min in 2020. The average emergency department wait time for voluntary referrals dropped from 41 min in 2018 to 27 min in 2020, while involuntary referrals decreased from 61 min in 2018 to 42 min in 2020. Each averted involuntary referral to the emergency department resulted in a savings of $81, on average during the study period.Conclusion: An analysis of the costs and costs savings associated with the use of the screener demonstrate that it is a worthwhile investment for police services. An additional benefit is its ability to collect mental health statistics that may be useful to police leaders to justify budgets. Future studies should attempt to devise some method of collecting pre-implementation data that would reveal the true costs and cost-efficiency of using the BMHS, which have been shown to be significant in the current study however, undoubtedly are under-estimated.

Juxtapoetics: Aesthetic Uncovering of Racist Logics Within a Crisis Intervention Team Training’s Instructional Arc

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1264-1268
Author(s):  
Tara N. Meister
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Intervention ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Crisis Intervention Team ◽  
White Supremacist ◽  
Educational Criticism ◽  
Intervention Team

Through Educational Criticism, I composed narratives and poems around a Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Training for police officers through its intended, enacted, and received curriculum. Within analyzing CIT’s instructional arc, I juxtaposed voices: ideas left solitary were incomplete, simplistic, or, at times, naïve. Thus, I weaved voices and scholarship together or against each other for depth of meaning, nuance, and contestation. Juxtapoetics exposed the complexity of well-intended individuals and localized interventions situated within institutions reifying the White supremacist milieu and disrupted linear rationality and universality of Whiteness.

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