Synthesis and characterization of different types of epoxide-based Mannich polyols from low-cost cashew nut shell liquid

Solar energy is the most promising energy source, due to its great availability and applicability in thermal energy applications. However, researchers still experience technological and economical challenge, since many systems that use this energy still have low efficiency and high cost. In this way, the development of new materials and technologies to increase the efficiency of solar thermal collectors is both a challenge and a necessity. In this context, the objective of this work is to obtain and analyze selective surfaces for solar thermal collectors, using cashew nut shell liquid. The cashew nut shell liquid can be classified as technical or natural, depending on the mode of extraction of cashew liquid. An experimental bench was built to simulate a flat plate solar collector under real operating conditions. For comparative purposes, the tests were performed between the cashew nut shell liquid and the commercial surface (MRTiNOX). In order to verify the structure morphology and the chemical composition of the surface, analyzes were performed by scanning electron microscopy. In order to identify the presence of components after the sintering process, the infrared analysis technique was used. To analyze the surface absorbance, the ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy absorbance technique was used. With the tests in real conditions, it was possible to perform the temperature measurements, and later, with the energy balance, the absorptivity, emissivity, and efficiency were calculated. The technical cashew nut shell liquid presented efficiency of 42.86%, while the MRTiNOX, 41.8%. In contrast, natural cashew nut shell liquid obtained efficiency of 31.28%. Thus, the use of technical cashew nut shell liquid, a low-cost regional product, was presented as a viable and satisfactory solution for cost reduction in solar thermal collectors.

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Processable aromatic polyesters based on bisphenol derived from cashew nut shell liquid: synthesis and characterization

Journal of Polymer Research ◽

10.1007/s10965-014-0617-y ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 21 (12) ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Bhausaheb V. Tawade ◽

Jagadish K. Salunke ◽

Prakash S. Sane ◽

Prakash P. Wadgaonkar

Keyword(s):

Synthesis And Characterization ◽

Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽

Cashew Nut ◽

Cashew Nut Shell ◽

Aromatic Polyesters

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Synthesis and Characterization of 4-Aryl-4H-chromenes from H-Cardanol

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1400900929 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1934578X1400900

Author(s):

Hulluru Surya Prakash Rao ◽

Mani Kamalraj

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Anacardium Occidentale ◽

Side Chain ◽

Synthesis And Characterization ◽

Aromatic Rings ◽

Cashew Nut ◽

Locally Grown

We have synthesized and characterized a variety of fat-soluble, low-melting and medicinally useful 4-aryl-4 H-chromenes from H-cardanol (side-chain perhydrogenated cardanol, 3-pentadecylphenol), a renewable and low-cost product from locally grown cashew nut trees ( Anacardium occidentale L.). We incorporated H-cardanol into the aromatic rings of either 4 H-chromene or phenol, or both. Substitution of C4SMe in N-methyl-4-(methylthio)-3-nitro-4 H-chromene-2-amines with H-cardanol was regio-specific at the C6 position.

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Synthesis and characterization of TiO2 loaded cashew nut shell activated carbon and photocatalytic activity on BG and MB dyes under sunlight radiation

Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy ◽

10.1016/j.saa.2014.11.087 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 138 ◽

pp. 314-320 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

S. Ragupathy ◽

K. Raghu ◽

P. Prabu

Keyword(s):

Photocatalytic Activity ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Synthesis And Characterization ◽

Cashew Nut ◽

Cashew Nut Shell ◽

Sunlight Radiation

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Exhaustive valorization of cashew nut shell waste as a potential bioresource material

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-91571-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

James Nyirenda ◽

Kadango Zombe ◽

George Kalaba ◽

Chipo Siabbamba ◽

Inyambo Mukela

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Low Cost ◽

Freundlich Isotherm ◽

Acid Value ◽

Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽

Average Percentage ◽

Cashew Nut ◽

Spontaneous Interaction ◽

Shell Waste ◽

Cashew Nut Shell

AbstractIn this paper, we report extraction of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) from cashew nut shell waste (CNSW) and further use of residues for generation of activated carbon for removal of heavy metals and methylene blue (MB). Solvent extraction yielded 24.6 ± 0.4%, 38.2 ± 0.4% and 40.1 ± 0.9% for petroleum ether, hexane and ethanol respectively. Phytochemical screening showed presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, amino acids, terpenoids, proteins, steroids, glycosides and carboxylic acids. The CNSL had a pH of 3.2, viscosity (104.6 ± 1.8 mPa s), moisture (6.5%), ash (1.6 ± 0.1%), refractive index (1.52 ± 0.001), specific density (0.9561 ± 0.0002 g/cm3), acid value (118.7 ± 9.2 mg KOH/g), free fatty acid value (60.1 ± 4.7%), saponification number (138.1 ± 3.2 mg KOH/g) and iodine value (188.1 ± 2.3 mgI 2/100 g). The average percentage removal of Cu (II), Pb (II), Cd (II) and Zn (II) was 99.4 ± 0.5, 95.4 ± 1.5, 99.5 ± 0.1, 98.4 ± 0.1%, and removal efficiency of MB at 50, 150, 250 and 350 mg/L was 99.63, 97.66, 96.48 and 94.81%, respectively. Equilibrium data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 12.1 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics conformed to pseudo-second-order model. ∆G° was negative and a ∆H° of + 22.76 kJ/mol indicated that adsorption was endothermic. The ΔS° (+ 0.086 kJ/mol/K) showed that there was spontaneous interaction of the solution and adsorbate. These results show that CNSW is a potential bioresource for CNSL production for use in the paints, varnishes, surface coatings, agrochemicals and ethnomedicine industries. Residual shells can be exploited as fuels or converted to activated carbon for use as low-cost filters in water purification.

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THERMAL DEGRADATION AND XRD STUDIES OF VEGETABLE OIL BASED NOVOLAC SCAFFOLDS FOR THE FORMULATION OF RESINS

Green Chemistry & Technology Letters ◽

10.18510/gctl.2016.221 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 55-61

Author(s):

N. T. Nevaditha ◽

S. Gopalakrishnan ◽

C. V. Mythili

Keyword(s):

Renewable Resources ◽

Low Cost ◽

Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽

Cashew Nut ◽

Industrial Grade ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Low Toxicity ◽

Xrd Studies ◽

Cashew Nut Shell ◽

Agricultural Byproduct

Biomaterials, chemicals and energy from renewable resources have been the object of considerable interest in recent years. Vegetable oils are one of the cheapest and most abundant biological sources available in large quantities and their use as starting materials has numerous advantages such as low toxicity, inherent biodegradability and high purity. They are considered to be one of the most important classes of renewable resources for the production of bio-based thermosets. As a substitute to the use of conventional reinforcing synthetic resins, biobased resins were synthesized from cardanol, renewable and low cost industrial grade oil obtained by vacuum distillation of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), an abundant agricultural byproduct of cashew industry. On the other hand to further expand the field of application, cardanol-based novolac scaffolds, used in the formulation of thermosetting resins by blending with a conventional epoxy resin, especially designed to be compatible with conventional bisphenol- A epoxy resins. In the present study resins have been synthesized by condensing diazotized p-anisidine cardanol dye with urea, resorcinol and furfural as condensing agent.. The resins have been characterised by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and XRD studies. Thermal behavior of the resins has been studied by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential thermal analysis (DTA). The DTA, SEM and XRD data indicated the percentage of crystallinity associated with the thermal stability of the resins.

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