scholarly journals Developing a Conceptual Framework of Urban Health Observatories toward Integrating Research and Evidence into Urban Policy for Health and Health Equity

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. Caiaffa ◽  
A. A. L. Friche ◽  
M. A. S. Dias ◽  
A. L. Meireles ◽  
C. F. Ignacio ◽  
...  
Urban Health ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine K. Ettman ◽  
David Vlahov ◽  
Sandro Galea

Urban health is concerned with understanding how features of cities influence the health of urban populations, thus pointing the way to interventions that can improve health. An understanding of urban health requires a grounding in the fundamentals of causal thinking. How do cities influence the health of populations? And what is unique or uniquely interesting about urban health? This chapter addresses these questions through providing a conceptual framework to organize and guide thinking. The authors explicate how we may think of urban living as a ubiquitous exposure influencing other factors to which urban residents are exposed and that have a profound influence on the health of these residents.


Cities ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 102590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Łopucki ◽  
Daniel Klich ◽  
Ignacy Kitowski ◽  
Adam Kiersztyn

PLoS Medicine ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e1001285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Corburn ◽  
Alison K. Cohen

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. e015815 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Jull ◽  
M Whitehead ◽  
M Petticrew ◽  
E Kristjansson ◽  
D Gough ◽  
...  

BackgroundRandomised controlled trials can provide evidence relevant to assessing the equity impact of an intervention, but such information is often poorly reported. We describe a conceptual framework to identify health equity-relevant randomised trials with the aim of improving the design and reporting of such trials.MethodsAn interdisciplinary and international research team engaged in an iterative consensus building process to develop and refine the conceptual framework via face-to-face meetings, teleconferences and email correspondence, including findings from a validation exercise whereby two independent reviewers used the emerging framework to classify a sample of randomised trials.ResultsA randomised trial can usefully be classified as ‘health equity relevant’ if it assesses the effects of an intervention on the health or its determinants of either individuals or a population who experience ill health due to disadvantage defined across one or more social determinants of health. Health equity-relevant randomised trials can either exclusively focus on a single population or collect data potentially useful for assessing differential effects of the intervention across multiple populations experiencing different levels or types of social disadvantage. Trials that are not classified as ‘health equity relevant’ may nevertheless provide information that is indirectly relevant to assessing equity impact, including information about individual level variation unrelated to social disadvantage and potentially useful in secondary modelling studies.ConclusionThe conceptual framework may be used to design and report randomised trials. The framework could also be used for other study designs to contribute to the evidence base for improved health equity.


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzaneh Rassam ◽  
Leila Khedmat ◽  
Farnaz Khatami

Introduction: The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity is one of the most critical issues of urban health. The current study investigated the effects of community-based interventions on modification of overweight and obesity. Methods: A program based on the Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool (Urban HEART) was developed and implemented in 2013-2014. A total of 166 Iranian females aged 15 years or older who were classified as overweight or obese using body mass index (BMI) were randomly selected and gave verbal consent to participate in this study. The intervention was carried out for a duration of 4 months. Results: The mean age of subjects was 43.6±12.2 years. The total number of overweight and obese individuals were 75 (45.2%) and 91 (54.8%), respectively. The mean BMI of the patients before and after the intervention was 30.3±2.7 and 29.4±2.7 kg/m2 , respectively (P < 0.05). Higher education level and greater floor area were recognized as valid predictors for reduced BMI after the intervention (P < 0.001). Conclusion: This study successfully represents the collaborative role of the community in improving health status by reducing overweight and obesity. The Urban HEART provided distinct opportunities for presenting the promising results of interventions to health policymakers and managers so they can adjust macro and micro policies for achieving better community health outcomes.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Ana V. Diez Roux ◽  
Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutierrez ◽  
Waleska Teixeira Caiaffa ◽  
J. Jaime Miranda ◽  
Daniel Rodriguez ◽  
...  

Urban Health ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 272-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Israel ◽  
Amy J. Schulz ◽  
Chris M. Coombe ◽  
Edith A. Parker ◽  
Angela G. Reyes ◽  
...  

The study of urban populations must be grounded in the realities of local communities. Much as many insights of urban health are generalizable to the health of cities worldwide, local knowledge both can and is necessary to guide action that can improve the health of urban populations. Community-based participatory research is an approach to research that has a particular role in both the study of urban communities and in developing interventions and policies that can improve the health of these populations. This chapter discusses the principles and strategies of community-based participatory research and how their applications can guide the study and practice of urban health towards achieving health equity.


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