Parental investment, self-control, and sex differences in the expression of adhd

Sex differences in immunity are often observed, with males generally having a weaker immune system than females. However, recent data in a sex-role-reversed species in which females compete to mate with males suggest that sexually competitive females have a weaker immune response. These findings support the hypothesis that sexual dimorphism in immunity has evolved in response to sex-specific fitness returns of investment in traits such as parental investment and longevity, but the scarcity of data in sex-reversed species prevents us from drawing general conclusions. Using an insect species in which males make a large but variable parental investment in their offspring, we use two indicators of immunocompetence to test the hypothesis that sex-biased immunity is determined by differences in parental investment. We found that when the value of paternal investment was experimentally increased, male immune investment became relatively greater than that of females. Thus, in this system, in which the direction of sexual competition is plastic, the direction of sex-biased immunity is also plastic and appears to track relative parental investment.

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Sexual Conflict and Sex Differences in Parental Investment

Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_3704 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 7323-7324

Author(s):

Stephanie R Fahey ◽

Joseph A Camilleri

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Sexual Conflict ◽

Parental Investment

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Sexual conflict in humans: evolutionary consequences of asymmetric parental investment and paternity uncertainty

Animal Biology ◽

10.1163/157075509x12499949744342 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 59 (4) ◽

pp. 449-456 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Todd Shackelford ◽

Aaron Goetz

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Sperm Competition ◽

Sexual Conflict ◽

Parental Investment ◽

Sexual Coercion ◽

Evolutionary History ◽

Internal Fertilization ◽

Men And Women ◽

Paternity Uncertainty ◽

Evolutionary Consequences

AbstractWe argue that sexual conflict was a recurrent feature of human evolutionary history, just as it has been in every sexually reproducing species that does not practice life-long genetic monogamy. We suggest that the source of much of the conflict between men and women can be reduced to an asymmetry in reproductive biology. This asymmetry—fertilization and gestation occurring within women—produces (a) sex differences in minimum obligatory parental investment and (b) paternity uncertainty. We argue that these consequences of internal fertilization and gestation are responsible for many phenomena in humans, such as sexual coercion, commitment skepticism, sexual overperception, and a host of adaptations associated with sperm competition.

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Sexual Conflict and Sex Differences in Parental Investment

Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3704-1 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1-2

Author(s):

Stephanie R. Fahey ◽

Joseph A. Camilleri

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Sexual Conflict ◽

Parental Investment

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Moderating effects of personality on the genetic and environmental influences of school grades helps to explain sex differences in scholastic achievement

European Journal of Personality ◽

10.1002/per.671 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 247-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Brian M. Hicks ◽

Wendy Johnson ◽

William G. Iacono ◽

Matt McGue

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Grade Point Average ◽

Standardized Tests ◽

Genetic Variance ◽

Family Study ◽

Environmental Influences ◽

Self Control ◽

Cognitive Variables ◽

Moderating Effects ◽

Grade Point

Girls consistently achieve higher grades than boys despite scoring lower on major standardized tests and not having higher IQs. Sex differences in non‐cognitive variables such as personality might help to account for sex differences in grades. Utilizing a large sample of 17‐year‐old twins participating in the Minnesota Twin Family Study (MTFS), we examined the roles of Achievement Striving, Self‐Control and Aggression on sex differences in grade point average (GPA). Each personality trait was a significant predictor of GPA, with sex differences in Aggression accounting for one‐half the sex difference in GPA and genetic variance accounting for most of the overlap between personality and GPA. Achievement Striving and Self‐Control moderated the genetic and environmental influences on GPA. Specifically, for girls but not boys, higher Achievement Striving and Self‐Control were associated with less variability in GPA and greater genetic and environmental overlap with GPA. For girls, certain personality traits operate to shape a context yielding uniformly higher GPA, a process that seems absent in boys. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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A Twin Study of Sex Differences in Self-Control

Justice Quarterly ◽

10.1080/07418825.2011.610762 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 529-559 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Danielle Boisvert ◽

John Paul Wright ◽

Valerie Knopik ◽

Jamie Vaske

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Twin Study ◽

Self Control

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Disorganized attachment and reproductive strategies

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x0900017x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 35-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andrew J. Lewis ◽

Gregory Tooley

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Life History ◽

Middle Childhood ◽

Parental Investment ◽

Reproductive Strategies ◽

Life History Theory ◽

Disorganized Attachment ◽

Attachment Patterns ◽

Investment Theory ◽

Parental Investment Theory

AbstractDel Giudice provides an extension of the life history theory of attachment that incorporates emerging data suggestive of sex differences in avoidant male and preoccupied female attachment patterns emerging in middle childhood. This commentary considers the place of disorganized attachment within this theory and why male children may be more prone to disorganized attachment by drawing on Trivers's parental investment theory.

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