scholarly journals Does Enhancing Paid Maternity Leave Policy Help Promote Gender Equality? Evidence from 31 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Gender Issues ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Chai ◽  
Vanessa Ríos-Salas ◽  
Pam Stek ◽  
Jody Heymann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Economic Decision ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Leave Policy ◽  
Maternity Leave Policy ◽  
The Impact

AbstractGlobally, women continue to have less economic decision-making power and face gender-unequal norms at work. Little is known about the impact of national public policies on norms surrounding equality. We examined the impact of extending paid maternity leave policy on decision making in the household and gender norms in the workplace, specifically whether women have sole or joint decision-making power with respect to large household purchases and whether women are perceived as having an equal right to jobs when jobs are scarce. We used difference-in-differences models to analyze the impact of increasing paid maternity leave on outcomes measured in the Demographic Health Surveys and World Values Surveys collected in 31 low- and middle-income countries. A one-month increase in the legislated duration of paid maternity leave increased the odds that women and their partners/spouses reported that women had more decision-making power by 40% (95% CI 1.14, 1.70) and 66% (95% CI 1.36, 2.03), respectively. A one-month increase in the legislated duration of paid maternity leave was associated with 41.5 percentage-point increase in the prevalence of individuals disagreeing with the statement that “when jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women.” More generous maternity leave increases gender equality in economic decision making in the household and improves gender norms related to work. Future studies should examine the impact of paternity leave and non-discrimination policy, as well as other large-scale policies aiming to improve gender equality at work and at home.

scholarly journals Association of increased duration of legislated paid maternity leave with childhood diarrhoea prevalence in low-income and middle-income countries: difference-in-differences analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 437-444
Author(s):  
Yan Chai ◽  
Arijit Nandi ◽  
Jody Heymann
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Bloody Diarrhoea ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Childhood Diarrhoea ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Leave Policy ◽  
Maternity Leave Policy ◽  
Children Under 5

BackgroundDiarrhoea is the second-leading infectious cause of death in children younger than age 5 years. The global burden of severe diarrhoeal disease is concentrated in Africa and Southeast Asia, where a significant percentage of the population resides in low-resource settings. We aimed to quantitatively examine whether extending the duration of legislated paid maternity leave affected the prevalence of childhood diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).MethodsWe merged longitudinal data measuring national maternity leave policies with information on the prevalence of bloody diarrhoea related to 884 517 live births occurring between 1996 and 2014 in 40 LMICs that participated at least twice in the Demographic and Health Surveys between 2000 and 2015. We used a difference-in-differences approach to compare changes in the percentage of children with bloody diarrhoea across eight countries that lengthened their paid maternity leave policy between 1995 and 2013 to the 32 countries that did not.ResultsThe prevalence of bloody diarrhoea in the past 2 weeks was 168 (SD=40) per 10 000 children under 5 years in countries that changed their policies and 136 (SD=15) in countries that did not. A 1-month increase in the legislated duration of paid maternity leave was associated with 61 fewer cases of bloody diarrhoea (95% CI −98.86 to −22.86) per 10 000 children under 5 years of age, representing a 36% relative reduction.ConclusionExtending the duration of paid maternity leave policy appears to reduce the prevalence of bloody diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age in LMICs.

scholarly journals Activists as “alternative” science communicators — Exploring the facets of science communication in societal contexts

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (06) ◽  
pp. C01
Author(s):  
Birte Faehnrich ◽  
Michelle Riedlinger ◽  
Emma Weitkamp
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Movements ◽  
Science Communication ◽  
Democratic Legitimacy ◽  
Economic Decision ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
Understanding Of Science ◽  
The Impact

For many decades, NGOs and social movements have acted as “alternative” science communicators. They have made strategic use of science to promote their ideological stances, to influence political and/or economic decision-making and to motivate civic action. To date, however, our understanding of science communication in activism has received little critical attention. This set of commentaries acts as a starting point for further research and reflection. The different cases and perspectives urge readers to consider the impact, democratic legitimacy, and relevance of alternative science communication, and the challenges that alternative science communicators pose for science communication and society.

Implications of Economic Decision Making to the Project Manager

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Brian J. Galli
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Project Manager ◽  
Financial Return ◽  
Economic Decision ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Project Outcome ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Internal Stakeholders ◽  
The Impact

This paper aims to identify and assess the impact of the project manager's economic decision on a project's outcome. Therefore, this paper focuses on whether a project will be economically and financially viable and will meet the interests of both external and internal stakeholders, especially the project manager's attention. Thus, the objective is to find in the decision-making process how economic decisions can provide and ensure an appropriate level of financial return rate to external and internal stakeholders, such as the project manager. The literature review approach was used to identify this economic decision-making implications on the project's outcomes. Studies show how projects' future is associated with decision making. However, a literature review has shown a shortage of research on the impact of only economic decisions on the project manager and project outcome. This study aims to fill that gap.

scholarly journals Implementation and Evaluation of Nonclinical Interventions for Appropriate Use of Cesarean Section in Low- and Middle-income Countries: Protocol for a Multisite Hybrid Effectiveness-implementation Type III Trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Dumont ◽  
Ana Pilar Betrán ◽  
Charles Kabore ◽  
Myriam De Loenzien ◽  
Pisake Lumbiganon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Implementation Strategy ◽  
Organizational Factors ◽  
Multifaceted Intervention ◽  
Appropriate Use ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Background: While cesarean sections (CSs) are a life-saving intervention, an increasing number are performed without medical reasons in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Unnecessary CS diverts scarce resources and thereby reduces access to healthcare for women in need. Argentina, Burkina Faso, Thailand and Vietnam are committed to reducing unnecessary CS, but many individual and organizational factors in healthcare facilities obstructthis aim. Nonclinical interventions can overcome these barriers by helping providers improve their practices and supporting women’s decision-making regarding childbirth. Existing evidence has shown only a modest effect of single interventions onreducing CS rates, arguably because of the failure to design multifaceted interventions effectively tailored to the context. The aim of this studyis to design, adapt and test a multifaceted intervention for the appropriate use of CS in Argentina, Burkina Faso, Thailand and Vietnam. Methods: We designed an intervention (QUALIty DECision-making - QUALI-DEC) with four components: (1) opinion leaders at heath care facilities to improve adherence to best practices among clinicians, (2) CS audits and feedback to help providers identify potentially avoidable CS, (3) a decisionanalysistool to helpwomen make an informed decision on the mode of birth, and (4) companionship to support women during labor.QUALI-DEC will be implemented and evaluated in 32 hospitals (8 sites per country) using a pragmatic hybrid effectiveness-implementation design to test our implementation strategy, and information regardingits impact on relevant maternal and perinatal outcomes will be gathered. The implementation strategy will involve the participation of women, healthcare professionals and organizations and account for the local environment, needs, resources and social factors in each country.Discussion:There is urgent need for interventions and implementation strategies to optimize the use of CS while improving health outcomes and satisfaction in LMICs. This can only be achieved by engaging all stakeholders involved in the decision-making process surroundingbirth and addressing their needs and concerns. The study will generate robust evidence about the effectiveness and the impact of this multifaceted intervention. It will also assess the acceptability and scalability of the intervention and the capacity for empowerment among women and providers alike. Trial registration: ISRCTN67214403

Economic Decision-Making and the Impact of Risk Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Brian J. Galli ◽  
Gabrielle Battiloro
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Economic Decision ◽  
It Impacts ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this article is to adequately identify and assess economic risk in decision-making within project environments. A systematic literature review approach is used to recognize the key relationships between risk and economic decision-making. The study shows that the most critical element associated with economic decision-making is the risk. The article highlights the implications of this relationship and how it impacts a project-based environment. Review of the literature has shown limited research in this area. This study seeks to fill a gap within the existing research. The results of this research study contribute to economic decision-making and risk management.

scholarly journals Implementation and evaluation of nonclinical interventions for appropriate use of cesarean section in low- and middle-income countries: protocol for a multisite hybrid effectiveness-implementation type III trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Dumont ◽  
Ana Pilar Betrán ◽  
Charles Kabore ◽  
Myriam De Loenzien ◽  
Pisake Lumbiganon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Implementation Strategy ◽  
Organizational Factors ◽  
Multifaceted Intervention ◽  
Appropriate Use ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Background: While cesarean sections (CSs) are a life-saving intervention, an increasing number are performed without medical reasons in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Unnecessary CS diverts scarce resources and thereby reduces access to healthcare for women in need. Argentina, Burkina Faso, Thailand and Vietnam are committed to reducing unnecessary CS, but many individual and organizational factors in healthcare facilities obstruct this aim. Nonclinical interventions can overcome these barriers by helping providers improve their practices and supporting women’s decision-making regarding childbirth. Existing evidence has shown only a modest effect of single interventions on reducing CS rates, arguably because of the failure to design multifaceted interventions effectively tailored to the context. The aim of this study is to design, adapt and test a multifaceted intervention for the appropriate use of CS in Argentina, Burkina Faso, Thailand and Vietnam. Methods: We designed an intervention (QUALIty DECision-making - QUALI-DEC) with four components: (1) opinion leaders at heath care facilities to improve adherence to best practices among clinicians, (2) CS audits and feedback to help providers identify potentially avoidable CS, (3) a decision analysis tool to help women make an informed decision on the mode of birth, and (4) companionship to support women during labor. QUALI-DEC will be implemented and evaluated in 32 hospitals (8 sites per country) using a pragmatic hybrid effectiveness-implementation design to test our implementation strategy, and information regarding its impact on relevant maternal and perinatal outcomes will be gathered. The implementation strategy will involve the participation of women, healthcare professionals and organizations and account for the local environment, needs, resources and social factors in each country.Discussion: There is urgent need for interventions and implementation strategies to optimize the use of CS while improving health outcomes and satisfaction in LMICs. This can only be achieved by engaging all stakeholders involved in the decision-making process surrounding birth and addressing their needs and concerns. The study will generate robust evidence about the effectiveness and the impact of this multifaceted intervention. It will also assess the acceptability and scalability of the intervention and the capacity for empowerment among women and providers alike. Trial registration: ISRCTN67214403

scholarly journals Women Entrepreneurship Development in Yemen: The Role of Decision-Making Empowerment

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-86
Author(s):  
Abeer Al-Radami ◽  
Mohammed Saleh Al-Abed
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Women Entrepreneurship ◽  
Economic Decision ◽  
Entrepreneurship Development ◽  
Household Decision ◽  
Household Decision Making ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

This research was conducted to examine the impact of decision-making empowerment on women entrepreneurship development in Yemen. Two dimensions of decision-making empowerment were used; economic decision making, and household decision-making empowerment. This study employed the quantitative approach and the method of collecting data was the online-questionnaire. The targeted sample size of this study was 200 business women in Yemen and the response rate was 96.5%. The results of the correlational analysis show that there is a clear strong positive correlation between decision-making empowerment and women entrepreneurship development. In addition, the two dimensions; economic decision making, and household decision-making have a significant relationship with women entrepreneurship development. The results of the regression analysis reveal that decision-making empowerment has a significant impact on women entrepreneurship development and the economic decision-making empowerment and household decision-making empowerment were explaining women entrepreneurship development. It can be concluded that empowering women by allowing them to participate in economic and household decision-making appears to be one of the important factors for developing women's entrepreneurship in particular, which in turn will help reduce poverty as well as achieve economic growth.

scholarly journals The impact of depression on social economic decision making.

2010 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 440-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katia M. Harlé ◽  
John J. B. Allen ◽  
Alan G. Sanfey
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Economic Decision ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
The Impact
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