Formation of Protein Bodies and the Response to Nitrogen in Different Positions During Wheat Endosperm Development

Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is a noxious, invasive weed that dominates many agriculturally important regions. While many research efforts are currently aimed at controlling the spread of this plant, relatively little is known about its sexual reproductive biology, especially from a structural perspective. This report describes key features of ovule development, embryogenesis, and endosperm formation in leafy spurge. Ovules are anatropous, bitegmic, and form a zigzag micropyle. A distinct elaisome (caruncle) and hypostase are formed as ovules mature. Obturators are present and are derived from placental tissue. The embryo sac conforms to the Polygonum type. A single embryo is formed in each seed and stores nutrients primarily as globoid protein bodies. Endosperm is persistent and also contains protein bodies as its primary nutrient reserve. Preliminary structural evidence is presented that indicates the potential for apomixis.Key words: leafy spurge, Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia, ovule, endosperm, embryo.

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Synthesis and degradation of proteins during wheat endosperm development

Phytochemistry ◽

10.1016/0031-9422(76)85109-6 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 1101-1104 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R.K. Gupta ◽

O.P. Tiwari ◽

A.K. Gupta ◽

H.K. Das

Keyword(s):

Endosperm Development ◽

Wheat Endosperm ◽

Synthesis And Degradation

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Changes in the zein composition of protein bodies during maize endosperm development.

The Plant Cell ◽

10.1105/tpc.1.10.1011 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 1 (10) ◽

pp. 1011-1023 ◽

Cited By ~ 177

Author(s):

C R Lending ◽

B A Larkins

Keyword(s):

Endosperm Development ◽

Protein Bodies ◽

Maize Endosperm

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Protein sorting into protein bodies during barley endosperm development is putatively regulated by cytoskeleton members, MVBs and the HvSNF7s

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-58740-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Valentin Roustan ◽

Julia Hilscher ◽

Marieluise Weidinger ◽

Siegfried Reipert ◽

Azita Shabrangy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Sorting ◽

Endosperm Development ◽

Protein Bodies ◽

Barley Endosperm

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Accumulation characteristic of protein bodies in different regions of wheat endosperm under drought stress

Journal of Integrative Agriculture ◽

10.1016/s2095-3119(16)61332-1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. 2921-2930 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Xin-yu CHEN ◽

Bo LI ◽

Shan-shan SHAO ◽

Lei-lei WANG ◽

Xiao-wei ZHU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Protein Bodies ◽

Wheat Endosperm ◽

Accumulation Characteristic

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The pattern of amyloplast DNA accumulation during wheat endosperm development

Planta ◽

10.1007/bf00398688 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 171 (3) ◽

pp. 416-421 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Merryn A. Catley ◽

Catherine M. Bowman ◽

Michael W. Bayliss ◽

Michael D. Gale

Keyword(s):

Endosperm Development ◽

Wheat Endosperm

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Early Stages in the Development of Wheat Endosperm. I. The Change From Free Nuclear to Cellular Endosperm

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt9750311 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 311 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

DJ Mares ◽

K Norstog ◽

BA Stone

Keyword(s):

Mitotic Spindle ◽

Endosperm Development ◽

Wall Material ◽

Ventral Region ◽

Wheat Endosperm ◽

Cellular Endosperm ◽

Dorsal Area ◽

Cytological Features ◽

Ventral Area ◽

Days After Anthesis

The cytological features of the cellularization of the free nuclear endosperm of wheat are described. Following the initial proliferation of nuclei the endosperm is divided into a small ventral area and a larger dorsal area which then develop separately. Cell wall formation in both regions is independent of a mitotic spindle and appears to be mediated by freely growing walls. Wall material is laid down along lines already marked out by ingrowth from the plasma membrane into the central cell cyto- plasm. By the time that cellularization is complete the smaller ventral region has been transformed into a layer of small, thick-walled cells whilst the larger dorsal area contains large, highly vacuolate endosperm cells. A model is proposed which endeavours to link the morphological features observed in embryo sacs, collected from wheat ovules 2-6 days after anthesis, into an ontogenetic sequence. This model is compared with previously published descriptions of wheat endosperm development.

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The frequent classes of expressed genes in wheat endosperm tissue as possible sources of genetic markers

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar01051 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 52 (12) ◽

pp. 1181 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

B. C. Clarke ◽

O. R. Larroque ◽

F. Békés ◽

D. Somers ◽

R. Appels

Keyword(s):

Genetic Markers ◽

Storage Protein ◽

Large Scale ◽

Storage Proteins ◽

Seed Storage Protein ◽

Seed Storage ◽

Endosperm Development ◽

Endosperm Tissue ◽

Wheat Endosperm ◽

New Genes

Frequently expressed genes in wheat endosperm tissue provide a potentially useful source of genetic markers because genes that are relatively highly expressed in seed development may provide new candidate genes contributing to quality traits in wheat. Wheat endosperm tissue at 8–12 days post anthesis (DPA) was characterised with respect to the accumulation of the major classes of seed storage proteins. The accumulation of these proteins characterises the wheat endosperm and provides a framework within which the frequencies of different expressed sequence tags (ESTs) could be categorised. Major seed storage protein classes such as glutenins and gliadins comprised approximately 40% of the proteins in 8–12 DPA endosperm tissue, and the levels of transcripts from the respective genes provided a benchmark for assessing the frequency of transcripts from other genes. Based on the analysis of 4374 sequences, 2 categories were defined: frequent class, comprising ESTs occurring at a frequency of >4 copies, and a second category containing ESTs occurring at a frequency of <3. Comparison of frequent class sequences of wheat with sequences from a corn library of an equivalent category identified genes apparently characteristic of wheat and others that were conserved during endosperm development. A significant new class of seed storage protein genes present in wheat but absent from corn, and related to avenin-3 of oats, was identified. Other prominent wheat ESTs, including a glycine-rich cell wall protein, End-1 (originally identified in early barley endosperm), Brittle-1 (corn, possible adenylate translocator), and an endosperm specific protein (EST expressed specifically in endosperm), were mapped in wheat using single nucleotide polymorphisms. The analysis demonstrated the feasibility of identifying new genes by large-scale sequencing and targetting these as possible markers for quality attributes.

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