Congenital heart disease with increased blood flow commonly leads to the development of increased pulmonary vascular reactivity and pulmonary arterial hypertension by mechanisms that remain unclear. We hypothesized a shear stress paradigm of hemodynamic reactivity and network remodeling via the persistence and/or exacerbation of a fetal diameter bifurcation phenotype [parent diameter d0and daughters d1≥ d2with α < 2 in ( d1/ d0)α+ ( d2/ d0)αand area ratio β < 1 in β = ( d12+ d22)/ d02] that mechanically acts as a high resistance magnifier/shear stress amplifier to blood flow. Evidence of a hemodynamic influence on network remodeling was assessed with a lamb model of high-flow-induced secondary pulmonary hypertension in which an aortopulmonary graft was surgically placed in one twin in utero (Shunt twin) but not in the other (Control twin). Eight weeks after birth arterial casts were made of the left pulmonary arterial circulation. Bifurcation diameter measurements down to 0.010 mm in the Shunt and Control twins were then compared with those of an unoperated fetal cast. Network organization, cumulative resistance, and pressure/shear stress distributions were evaluated via a fractal model whose dimension D0≈ α delineates hemodynamic reactivity. Fetus and Control twin D0differed: fetus D0= 1.72, a high-resistance/shear stress amplifying condition; control twin D0= 2.02, an area-preserving transport configuration. The Shunt twin ( D0= 1.72) maintained a fetal design but paradoxically remodeled diameter geometry to decrease cumulative resistance relative to the Control twin. Our results indicate that fetal/neonatal pulmonary hemodynamic reactivity remodels in response to shear stress, but the response to elevated blood flow and pulmonary hypertension involves the persistence and exacerbation of a fetal diameter bifurcation phenotype that facilitates endothelial dysfunction/injury.
Control failure likelihood and spatial dependence of insecticide resistance in the tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta
