Thirteen polymorphic microsatellite markers for the European green toad Bufo viridis viridis, a declining amphibian species

Urea is actively transported inwardly (Ji) across the skin of the green toad Bufo viridis. Ji is markedly enhanced in toads adapted to hypertonic saline. We studied urea transport across the skin of Bufo viridis under a variety of experimental conditions, including treatment with amiloride and phloretin, agents that inhibit urea permeability in the bladder of Bufo marinus. Amiloride (10(-4) M) significantly inhibited Ji in both adapted and unadapted animals and was unaffected by removal of sodium from the external medium. Phloretin (10(-4) M) significantly inhibited Ji in adapted animals by 23–46%; there was also a reduction in Ji in unadapted toads at 10(-4) and 5 x 10(-4) M phloretin. A dose-response study revealed that the concentration of phloretin causing half-maximal inhibition (K1/2) was 5 x 10(-4) M for adapted animals. Ji was unaffected by the substitution of sucrose for Ringer solution or by ouabain. We conclude 1) the process of adaptation appears to involve an increase in the number of amiloride- and phloretin-inhibitable urea transport sites in the skin, with a possible increase in the affinity of the sites for phloretin; 2) the adapted skin resembles the Bufo marinus urinary bladder with respect to amiloride and phloretin-inhibitable sites; 3) we confirm earlier observations that Ji is independent of sodium transport.

Download Full-text

A note on asymmetric use of the forelimbs during feeding in the European green toad (Bufo viridis)

Laterality Asymmetries of Body Brain and Cognition ◽

10.1080/13576500701479822 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 458-463 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Valeria Anna Sovrano

Keyword(s):

Bufo Viridis ◽

Green Toad ◽

Toad Bufo

Download Full-text

Age and Growth of the Green Toad, Bufo viridis (Laurenti, 1768) from an Island and a Mainland Population in Giresun, Turkey

Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances ◽

10.3923/javaa.2011.1469.1472 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1469-1472 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Bilal Kutrup ◽

Emel Cakir ◽

Zeliha Colak ◽

Ufuk Bulbul ◽

Handan Karaoglu

Keyword(s):

Age And Growth ◽

Mainland Population ◽

Bufo Viridis ◽

Green Toad ◽

Toad Bufo

Download Full-text

Features of learning in toads Bufo viridis during behavior that requires taking into account the limits of their own bodies

Experimental Psychology (Russia) ◽

10.17759/exppsy.2018110401 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 5-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

I.A. Khvatov ◽

R.V. Zhelankin

Keyword(s):

Body Schema ◽

Experimental Setup ◽

Bufo Viridis ◽

Green Toad ◽

External Objects ◽

Natural Boundaries ◽

Tactile Sensations ◽

Toad Bufo ◽

Extraneous Object

The goal of this work was to study the ability of the green toad Bufo viridis to form skills based on tactile sensations arising in the process of interaction between animal’s body and external objects. During the experiment we varied the proportions of the holes in the experimental setup, through which the animal penetrated, and the limits of the animal bodies by attaching blankets to their body with an extraneous object. It was found that toads can to take into account the natural limits of their own body when interacting with external objects, and also transfer this experience in a situation where the proportions of the holes in the experiment setup was varied. When the limits of the toad body were urgently changed so that these changes prevent the animals from penetration into certain types of holes, these animals did not learn to take into account the fact that the holes previously permeable to the natural limits of their bodies became impenetrable after increasing these limits. We state that these data indicate that the toads even before the experiment began had experience of taking into account the natural boundaries of their bodies. But toads are not able to modify their body schema, when the limits of their bodies are urgently increased.

Download Full-text