ABSTRACT (2017-147)
In 2014, researchers from ten organizations came to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) in New Hampshire to conduct a first of its kind large-scale experiment aimed at determining current sensor capabilities for detecting oil in and under sea ice. This project was the second phase of the Oil Spill Detection in Low Visibility and Ice research project of the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP), Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology - Joint Industry Programme.
The objectives of the project were to:Acquire acoustic, thermal, optical and radar signatures of oil on, within, and underneath a level sheet of laboratory sea ice.Determine the capabilities of various sensors to detect oil in specific ice environments created in a test tank, including freeze-up, growth and melt.Model the potential performance of the sensors under realistic field conditions using the test data for validation.Recommend the most effective sensor suite of existing sensors for detecting oil in the ice environment.
The sensor testing spanned a two-month ice growth phase and a one-month decay/melt period. The growth phase produced an 80 centimeter thick level sheet of salt water ice representative of natural sea ice grown under quiescent conditions.
Above-ice sensors included frequency modulated continuous wave radar, ground penetrating radar, laser fluorescence polarization sensor, spectral radiometer, visible and infrared cameras. Below-ice sensors included acoustics (broadband, narrowband, and multibeam sonars), spectral radiometers, cameras, and fluorescence polarization. Measurements of physical and electrical properties of the ice and oil within the ice were provided to optical, acoustic, and radar modelers as inputs into their models. The models were then used to extrapolate the sensors’ laboratory performance to potential performance over a range of field conditions.
All selected sensors detected oil under some conditions. The radar systems were the only above-ice sensors capable of detecting oil below or trapped within the ice. Cameras below the ice detected oil at all stages of ice growth, and the acoustic and fluorescence systems detected encapsulated oil through limited amounts of new ice growth beneath the oil.
No single sensor detected oil in and below ice under all conditions tested. However, we used the test results to identify suites of sensors that could be deployed today both above and below the ice to detect and map an oil spill within ice covered waters.
Numerical Simulation of Bohai Oil Spill in the Winter Sea Ice Period
