Second and third order forward difference operator: what is in between?

2021 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Bravo ◽  
Carlos Lizama ◽  
Silvia Rueda
Keyword(s):  
Difference Operator ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Forward Difference

scholarly journals A derivative free globally convergent method and its deformations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar Singh ◽  
Arvind K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Difference Operator ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Numerical Test ◽  
Test Functions ◽  
Globally Convergent ◽  
Forward Difference ◽  
Derivative Free ◽  
Fractal Patterns ◽  
Convergent Method ◽  
Non Linear Equations

AbstractThe motive of the present work is to introduce and investigate the quadratically convergent Newton’s like method for solving the non-linear equations. We have studied some new properties of a Newton’s like method with examples and obtained a derivative-free globally convergent Newton’s like method using forward difference operator and bisection method. Finally, we have used various numerical test functions along with their fractal patterns to show the utility of the proposed method. These patterns support the numerical results and explain the compactness regarding the convergence, divergence and stability of the methods to different roots.

scholarly journals Oscillatory and Asymptotic Behavior of a First-Order Neutral Equation of Discrete Type with Variable Several Delay under Δ Sign

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Radhanath Rath ◽  
Chittaranjan Behera
Keyword(s):  
Difference Operator ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Neutral Equation ◽  
Delay Difference Equation ◽  
Neutral Delay ◽  
First Order ◽  
Forward Difference ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Positive Integers ◽  
Delay Difference

We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions so that every solution of neutral delay difference equation Δyn-∑j=1kpnjyn-mj+qnG(yσ(n))=fn oscillates or tends to zero as n→∞, where {qn} and {fn} are real sequences and G∈C(R,R), xG(x)>0, and m1,m2,…,mk are positive integers. Here Δ is the forward difference operator given by Δxn=xn+1-xn, and {σn} is an increasing unbounded sequences with σn≤n. This paper complements, improves, and generalizes some past and recent results.

scholarly journals Spectrum and fine spectrum of generalized second order forward difference operator Δuvw2 $\Delta _{uvw}^2 $ on sequence space l1

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Panigrahi ◽  
P. D. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Space ◽  
Difference Operator ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Fine Spectrum ◽  
Forward Difference

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to determine spectrum and fine spectrum of newly introduced operator

scholarly journals Convergence and Divergence of the Solutions of a Neutral Difference Equation

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Chatzarakis ◽  
G. N. Miliaras
Keyword(s):  
Asymptotic Behavior ◽  
Difference Equation ◽  
Difference Operator ◽  
Neutral Type ◽  
Retarded Argument ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Positive Real ◽  
Neutral Difference Equation ◽  
Forward Difference ◽  
Deviated Argument

We investigate the asymptotic behavior of the solutions of a neutral type difference equation of the form , where is a general retarded argument, is a general deviated argument (retarded or advanced), , is a sequence of positive real numbers such that , , and denotes the forward difference operator . Also, we examine the asymptotic behavior of the solutions in case they are continuous and differentiable with respect to .

On the spectral analysis of self adjoint operators generated by second order difference equations

1991 ◽  
Vol 118 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale T. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Essential Spectrum ◽  
Difference Equations ◽  
Difference Operator ◽  
Simple Criterion ◽  
Order Difference ◽  
Forward Difference ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Adjoint Operators ◽  
Oscillation Constant

SynopsisIn this paper, I shall consider operators generated by difference equations of the formwhere Δ is the forward difference operator, and a, p, and r are sequences of real numbers. The connection between the oscillation constant of this equation and the bottom of the essential spectrum of self-adjoint extensions of the operator generated by the equation is given, as well as various other information about the spectrum of such extensions. In particular, I derive conditions for the spectrum to have only countably many eigenvalues below zero, and a simple criterion for the invariance of the essential spectrum.

Oscillation of higher order neutral functional difference equations with positive and negative coefficients

2010 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rath ◽  
B. Barik ◽  
S. Rath
Keyword(s):  
Positive Integer ◽  
Difference Operator ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Functional Difference ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Positive And Negative Coefficients ◽  
Forward Difference ◽  
Functional Difference Equation ◽  
Functional Difference Equations ◽  
Infinite Sequences

AbstractSufficient conditions are obtained so that every solution of the neutral functional difference equation $$ \Delta ^m (y_n - p_n y_{\tau (n)} ) + q_n G(y_{\sigma (n)} ) - u_n H(y_{\alpha (n)} ) = f_n , $$ oscillates or tends to zero or ±∞ as n → ∞, where Δ is the forward difference operator given by Δx n = x n+1 − x n, p n, q n, u n, f n are infinite sequences of real numbers with q n > 0, u n ≥ 0, G,H ∈ C(ℝ,ℝ) and m ≥ 2 is any positive integer. Various ranges of {p n} are considered. The results hold for G(u) ≡ u, and f n ≡ 0. This paper corrects, improves and generalizes some recent results.

Asymptotic behavior in neutral difference equations with negative coefficients

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Chatzarakis ◽  
G. Miliaras
Keyword(s):  
Asymptotic Behavior ◽  
Difference Equation ◽  
Difference Equations ◽  
Difference Operator ◽  
Retarded Argument ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Neutral Difference Equation ◽  
Neutral Difference Equations ◽  
Forward Difference ◽  
Deviated Argument

AbstractIn this paper, we study the asymptotic behavior of the solutions of a neutral difference equation of the form $\Delta [x(n) + cx(\tau (n))] - p(n)x)(\sigma (n)) = 0,$, where τ(n) is a general retarded argument, σ(n) is a general deviated argument, c ∈ ℝ, (−p(n))n≥0 is a sequence of negative real numbers such that p(n) ≥ p, p ∈ ℝ+, and Δ denotes the forward difference operator Δx(n) = x(n+1)−x(n).

Non-self-adjoint difference operators and their spectrum

2005 ◽  
Vol 461 (2057) ◽  
pp. 1505-1531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Howard Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Difference Operator ◽  
Discrete Analogue ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Difference Operators ◽  
Essential Difference ◽  
Order Difference ◽  
Second Order Differential Equations ◽  
Forward Difference ◽  
Difference Expression ◽  
Complex Coefficients

Initially, this paper is a discrete analogue of the work of Brown et al. (1999 Proc. R. Soc. A 455 , 1235–1257) on second-order differential equations with complex coefficients. That is, we investigate the general non-self-adjoint second-order difference expression where the coefficients p n and q n are complex and Δ is the forward difference operator, i.e. Δ x n = x n +1 − x n . Properties of the so-called Hellinger–Nevanlinna m -function for the recurrence relation Mx n = λ w n x n , where the w n are real and positive, are examined, and relationships between the properties of the m -function and the spectrum of the associated operator are explored. However, an essential difference between the continuous and the discrete case arises in the way in which we define the operator natural to the problem. Nevertheless, analogous results regarding the spectrum of this operator are obtained.

scholarly journals Oscillation for Super Linear/Linear Second Order Neutral Difference Equations with Variable Several Delays

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-681
Author(s):  
Chittaranjan Behera ◽  
Radhanath Rath ◽  
Prayag Prasad Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Difference Equation ◽  
Difference Equations ◽  
Difference Operator ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Multiple Delays ◽  
Neutral Difference Equation ◽  
Neutral Difference Equations ◽  
Forward Difference ◽  
Several Delays

This article, is concerned with finding sufficient conditions for the oscillation and non oscillation of the solutions of a second order neutral difference equation with multiple delays under the forward difference operator, which generalize and extend some existing results.This could be possible by extending an important lemma from the literature.

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