Performance of Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) Under Protected and Open Field Conditions in Himachal Pradesh

ABSTRACT The present study pertained to the comparative economic analysis of tomato cultivation under-protected and open-field conditions in the mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh. The study was based on primary data collected through a survey method for the agricultural year 2015-16. The farmers realized 155.34 percent higher yield of tomato under protected conditions in comparison to the open-field conditions. Moreover, the sales price received by polyhouse growers was also 50 percent higher than that of the produce from the open-fields. The gross and net returns over total and variable costs were observed as higher under protected conditions (about 283, 47 and 300 percent, respectively) in comparison to the open-field conditions, thus making it a profitable venture. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the factors affecting the yield of tomato under both the conditions. The use of FYM was found to be the most important variable and showed a significantly positive relationship with the yield of tomato under-protected and open-field conditions. Garrett ranking technique was used to analyze the severity of constraints faced by tomato growers. The constraints were divided into five categories namely, input, financial, technical, educational, and marketing constraints. The unavailability of improved varieties and skilled labour, high cost of improved varieties, lack of awareness regarding the high yielding and resistant varieties, lack of confidence, lack of storage facilities were found to be of highest severity under the five stated constraints, respectively.

Download Full-text

The degradation of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in sugar beet plants in open field conditions and in glasshouses

10.1603/ice.2016.113718 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Zrinka Drmic

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Open Field ◽

Field Conditions

Download Full-text

Application of Bio-Friendly Formulations of Chitinase-Producing Streptomyces cellulosae Actino 48 for Controlling Peanut Soil-Borne Diseases Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof7030167 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 167

Author(s):

Gaber Abo-Zaid ◽

Ahmed Abdelkhalek ◽

Saleh Matar ◽

Mai Darwish ◽

Muhammad Abdel-Gayed

Keyword(s):

Open Field ◽

Biocontrol Agent ◽

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Culture Broth ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Damping Off ◽

Mycelium Growth ◽

Particle Size Analyzer ◽

Cell Pellet

Of ten actinobacterial isolates, Streptomyces cellulosae Actino 48 exhibited the strongest suppression of Sclerotium rolfsii mycelium growth and the highest chitinase enzyme production (49.2 U L−1 min−1). The interaction between Actino 48 and S. rolfsii was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), which revealed many abnormalities, malformations, and injuries of the hypha, with large loss of S. rolfsii mycelia density and mass. Three talc-based formulations with culture broth, cell-free supernatant, and cell pellet suspension of chitinase-producing Actino 48 were characterized using SEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a particle size analyzer. All formulations were evaluated as biocontrol agents for reducing damping-off, root rot, and pods rot diseases of peanut caused by S. rolfsii under greenhouse and open-field conditions. The talc-based culture broth formulation was the most effective soil treatment, which decreased the percentage of peanut diseases under greenhouse and open-field conditions during two successive seasons. The culture broth formulation showed the highest increase in the dry weight of peanut shoots, root systems, and yielded pods. The transcriptional levels of three defense-related genes (PR-1, PR-3, and POD) were elevated in the culture broth formulation treatment compared with other formulations. Subsequently, the bio-friendly talc-based culture broth formulation of chitinase-producing Actino 48 could potentially be used as a biocontrol agent for controlling peanut soil-borne diseases caused by S. rolfsii.

Download Full-text