UJI BEBERAPA KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK BIJI PINANG (Areca catechu L.) UNTUK MENGENDALIKAN HAMA ULAT JENGKAL (Chrysodeixis chalcites Esper) PADA TANAMAN KEDELAI (Glycine max L.)

Chrysodeixis chalcites Esper is the main pests in soybean plants cultivation that can cause damage up to 90%. One of controlling was done by using areca nuts (Areca catechu L.) which has a potential as a botanical insecticide. This study aimed to obtain effective concentrations of areca nuts extract to control Chrysodeixis chalcites Esper pests on soybean plants (Glycine max L.). This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Pest and Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University, Pekanbaru from August to November 2018. The study was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD), which consisted of five treatments and four replications, namely: the concentration areca nuts extract 0 g.l-1 water, 20 g.l-1 water, 40 g.l-1 water, 60 g.l-1 water, and 80 g.l-1 water. The results showed that the concentration of 80 g.l-1 of water was an effective concentration to control Chrysodeixis chalcites pest with an initial death time of 14 hours, lethal time 50 29.25 hours after application, and total mortality of 87.50%.

Effects of several UV-protective substances on the persistence of the insecticidal activity of the Alphabaculovirus of Chrysodeixis chalcites (ChchNPV-TF1) on banana (Musa acuminata, Musaceae, Colla) under laboratory and open-field conditions

Alphabaculovirus of Chrysodeixis chalcites (ChchNPV-TF1) has been investigated as a useful bioinsecticide against C. chalcites (Esper) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in banana crops. This study investigated the effects of several substances on the persistence of ChchNPV-TF1 under field conditions in the Canary Islands. Natural photoprotective substances, such as moringa, cacao, green tea, benzopurpurine, charcoal, iron dioxide, benzimidazole, kaolinite, and bentonite, were first evaluated under laboratory conditions using a Crosslinker as UV light source at 200 J/cm2. The photoprotective substances were divided into three groups: low protection (0–8%; kaolinite), intermediate protection (48–62%; green tea, moringa, bentonite and cacao) and high protection (87–100%; charcoal, iron ioxide). Benzopurpurine and benzimidazole did not provide any photoprotective effects. Two of the substances that yielded the best results, 1% cacao and 1% charcoal, were selected for the open-field experiment in a banana plantation. The persistence of ChchNPV-TF1 OBs (occlusion bodies) on leaf surfaces with sunlight exposure was analysed by comparing the initial mortality of 2nd instar C. chalcites larvae with the mortality observed at various intervals postapplication. The mortality rates decreased over time in all treatments and were always higher in the UV-protective substance-treated parcels. The 1% charcoal treatment exhibited the highest protection in both the laboratory and field experiments. No specific interference of UV-protective substances on the maximum photochemical efficiency of banana plants was observed under field conditions.

Host suitability of Trichoplusia ni and Chrysodeixis chalcites (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) for native and nonnative parasitoids expanding their host range

We evaluated the host suitability and related traits of Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Chrysodeixis chalcites Esper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is nonnative in North America, for the native parasitoids Campoletis sonorensis Cameron (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Copidosoma floridanum Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), and the nonnative parasitoid Cotesia vanessae Reinhard (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). For the larval parasitoid C. sonorensis and C. vanessae trials, three-day-old larvae of both hosts were used, whereas one-day-old eggs of both hosts were used for the egg–larval parasitoid C. floridanum trial. For suitability parameters on each host exposed separately to each of the three parasitoid species, we measured parasitoid emergence (parasitoid success), parasitoids that did not emerge (parasitoid cocoon mortality), the proportion of male offspring (parasitoid sex ratio), hosts that developed into moths (host success), hosts that died without developing into moths or producing a parasitoid (host mortality), parasitoids emerging from cocoon masses (brood size), and the developmental times of parasitoids and hosts. For C. sonorensis, the native host and the nonnative host were found to be similarly suitable. For C. vanessae, the native host was more suitable than the nonnative host. For C. floridanum, the native host was suitable, whereas the nonnative host was not; however, sublethal effects on both the native and nonnative hosts were observed. The differential suitability of the hosts observed in this study contributes to the understanding of this measure as a dynamic factor in the expansion of parasitoids into novel host species.

Identifikasi Serangga Hama Selada Hidroponik sebagai Langkah Awal Penyediaan Sayur Sehat

Hydroponic agriculture in urban areas is one of urban farming, an agricultural system without using soil media that uses narrow land in urban areas and is free from the use of synthetic pesticides. This purposes of this study were to identify the species, analyze the diversity, and abundance of insects that attack lettuce on hydroponic land. The samples were collected by using the yellow pan trap, netting, and hand picking methods. Identification of insects based on morphological characteristics. Data were analyzed by the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) and abundance index (Di). The results showed that there were 18 species of insects belongs to 13 families that attacked hydroponic lettuce, namely the family Acrididae, Agromyzidae, Aleyrodidae, Calliphoridae, Coccinellidae, Crambidae, Dolichopodidae, Hesperiidae, Noctuidae, Pieridae, Psilidae, Stratiomyidae, and Syrphidae. The diversity of the insects was in the category medium with a diversity index value of 2,707 and the most abundant species found was Chrysodeixis chalcites 11,70%, Spodoptera litura 10,64%, and Pieris rapae 9,57%.

Age-Stage, Two-Sex Life Table of Chrysodeixis chalcites (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at Constant Temperatures on Semi-Synthetic Diet

The golden twin-spot moth or tomato looper, Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper), is a polyphagous and worldwide pest that causes important aesthetic damages to banana fruits in the Canary Islands. The life history parameters of C. chalcites were determined under laboratory conditions in base on the age-stage, two-sex life table at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C, 65% relative humidity (RH), and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h, when it was reared on a semi-synthetic diet. The results show that C. chalcites was able to develop and survive from 15 to 30°C, but no development occurred at 35°C. Developmental threshold temperatures of the egg, larval, pupal, and total preoviposition stages were 10.42, 11.73, 11.22, and 9.42°C, respectively, and their effective accumulated temperatures were 58.31, 265.96, 118.57, and 562.39 degree-days, respectively. The adult longevity was reduced with increasing temperature, which ranged between 16.27 and 34.85 d for females and between 14.27 and 35.21 d for males. The highest values of net reproductive rate (R0) and fecundity were observed at 25°C, with 232.70 offspring and 1,224.74 eggs, respectively. Both the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) increased significantly and mean generation time (T) decreased significantly with increasing temperature. These results provide useful information that will allow predicting the impact of climate change on the distribution and population dynamics of C. chalcites and developing successful integrated management programs.

Distribusi Serangga Hama pada Lahan Pertanaman Kedelai (Glicyne max) Fase Generatif di Unit Pelaksana Teknis Pengembangan Benih Palawija Singosari, Malang

Pest insects are a term used to refer to insects that potentially as pests, which have the potential activity to cause harm in an agro-ecosystem, either because its activity is damaging directly or indirectly. The purpose of this research is to know the type, distribution, and abiotic factors that affect the distribution of pest insects found in soybean plants of generative phase at technical implementation of Palawija (crops) Seeds Development unit, Singosari, Malang. This research uses descriptive method. Observation of pest insects on soybean plants is conducted directly (visual), based on the presence of pest insects that are considered to represent the soybean plant. The sample taking technique of pest insects uses direct technique per habitat. The results showed that pest insect species are found in generative phase of soybean plants were Spodoptera litura, Chrysodeixis chalcites, Lamprosema indicata, and Phaedonia inclusa. The pest insects were uniform distributing pattern which the average values ​​of all species per week of S. litura, L. indicate, C. chalcites, and P. inclusa, in soybean plants are 0.15, 0.2, 0.17, and 0.19. Based on the results of correlation data analysis, abiotic factors measured temperature and humidity did not affect to the pattern of individual pest insect distribution on soybean plants. Keywords: Distribution pattern, Pest insect, and Soybean. ABSTRAK Serangga hama merupakan istilah yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan serangga-serangga yang berpotensi sebagai hama yang memiliki aktivitas yang berpotensi menimbulkan kerugian secara ekonomis dalam suatu agroekosistem, baik karena aktivitasnya merusak secara langsung ataupun tidak langsung. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui jenis, distribusi, dan faktor abiotik yang mempengaruhi distribusi serangga hama yang ditemukan pada tanaman kedelai di Unit Pelaksana Teknis Pengembangan Benih Palawija Singosari, Malang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan melakukan pengamatan serangga hama pada tanaman kedelai secara langsung (visual). Teknik pengambilan sampel serangga hama yang digunakan adalah teknik langsung perhabitat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa serangga hama yang ditemukan pada tanaman kedelai fase generatif ada 4 spesies yaitu Spodoptera litura, Chrysodeixis chalcites, Lamprosema indicata, dan Phaedonia inclusa. Keempat spesies tersebut pada pertanaman kedelai berdistribusi dengan pola seragam (uniform) berdasarkan nilai hasil perhitungan Indeks Morishita pada tiap spesies menunjukkan angka di bawah 1 yaitu dengan nilai rata-rata tiap spesies mulai dari yang tertinggi ke yang terendah adalah 0,2 (L. indicata); 0,19 (P. inclusa); 0,17 (C. chalcites); dan 0,15 (S. litura). Berdasarkan hasil analisis data korelasi, faktor abiotik yang diukur (suhu dan kelembaban) tidak berpengaruh terhadap pola sebaran individu serangga hama pada tanaman kedelai. Kata kunci: Pola sebaran, Serangga hama, dan Kedelai.