Male hermaphrodites with female legal sex

1970 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Boczkowski
Keyword(s):  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Orchiston

Decriminalising (or legalising) sex work is argued to improve sex workers’ safety and provide access to labour rights. However, there is a paucity of empirical research comparing how different regulatory approaches affect working conditions in the sex industry, especially in relation to venues that are managed by third parties. This article uses a mixed methods study of the Australian legal brothel sector to critically explore the relationship between external regulation and working conditions. Two dominant models of sex industry regulation are compared: decriminalisation and licensing. First, the article documents workplace practices in the Australian legal brothel sector, examining sex workers’ agency, autonomy and control over the labour process. Second, it analyses the capacity of each regulatory model to protect sex workers from unsafe and unfair working conditions. On the basis of these findings, the article concludes that brothel-based sex work is precarious and substantively excluded from the protective mantle of labour law, notwithstanding its legality. It is argued that the key determinant of conditions in the legal brothel sector is the extent to which the state enforces formal labour protections, as distinct from the underlying regulatory model adopted.


Author(s):  
Luís Duarte D’almeida
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 922-923
Author(s):  
Vadim M. Shteyler ◽  
Eli Y. Adashi
Keyword(s):  

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-81
Author(s):  
Christopher Hutton
Keyword(s):  

Hypatia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 113-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paisley Currah ◽  
Lisa Jean Moore

This article examines shifts in the legal, medical, and common-sense logics governing the designation of sex on birth certificates issued by the City of New York between 1965 and 2006. In the initial iteration, the stabilization of legal sex categories was organized around the notion of “fraud”; in the most recent iteration, “permanence” became the measure of authenticity. We frame these legal constructions of sex with theories about the “natural attitude” toward gender.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 357
Author(s):  
Douglas Sanders

The United Nations human rights system has recognized rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual,  transgender and intersex individuals (LGBTI), with key decisions in 2011 and 2016. To what  extent are the rights of these groupings respected in Southeast Asia? The visibility of LGBTI is  low in Southeast Asia and government attitudes vary.  Criminal laws, both secular and Sharia,  in some jurisdictions, have prohibitions, but active enforcement is rare. Discrimination in employment is prohibited by law in Thailand and in local laws in the Philippines. Change of  legal ‘sex’ for transgender individuals is sometimes possible. Legal recognition of same-sex relationships has been proposed in Thailand and the Philippines, but not yet enacted. Marriage has been opened to same-sex couples in neighboring Taiwan. Laws on adoption and surrogacy generally exclude same-sex couples. So-called ‘normalizing surgery’ on intersex babies needs to be deferred to the child’s maturity, to protect their health and rights.


Somatechnics ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Signe Bremer

Based on narratives from two transgender women with experiences of undergoing a Swedish gender correction, this article offers important insights in a cultural context situated in a time and space when Sweden's transgender population was legally obligated to leave their reproductive capabilities behind, and if married divorce, as they struggled for legal gender recognition (the rigid legal terms being newly abolished from the law in 2013). I argue that ‘real’ preoperative transgender women are expected to be well-behaved, modest, and sexually passive, in line with the white, middleclass standard of respectable femininity that informs the obligatory psychiatric assessment required to alter legal sex. Such respectability is intimately bound to the cultural genealogy of the penis of flesh. Ideas of original, non-performative, sexually active, white and superior masculinity clings to the penis of flesh, just as the penis of flesh always sticks to its history – the phallus. As a result transgender women who desire legal gender recognition but not genital surgery are positioned within the sphere of the unthinkable, uninhabitable, unintelligible and less human. Thus, I argue, the penis, and transgender women's acceptance of it, becomes a risk. Swedish authorities have been consistent in requiring vaginoplasty as obligatory terms for transgender women's legal gender recognition. Importantly, transgender men do not face these conditions. They have the possibility to be legally acknowledged as male without undergoing genital surgery. Thus, I ask: What alternatives do transgender women who undergo Swedish psychiatric gender assessments have for articulating and embodying alternative forms of femininity?


Legal Studies ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngaire Naffine

To be recognised as a legal person is to be individualised: it is to be rendered a separate and distinct being, the unitary bearer of rights and duties. By contrast, to be assigned a legal sex is to be grouped with others, to be placed within one of only two sexes, as either a man or a woman, a necessarily crude dichotomy. It is to be legally defined by the characteristics we are said to share with half the human population rather than regarded as an individual in our own right. This paper entails a critical comparative analysis of the legal concept of person and the legal concept of sex: of maleness or femaleness. It questions the logic and defensibility of this double characterisation of our legal lives. How can law reconcile its deep commitment to individualism with its persisting commitment to a two-sex system?


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