The production of pig embryos in vitro is still relatively inefficient compared with results obtained with oocytes matured and fertilized in vivo. The main reasons for this limited performance are polyspermy after IVF and the poor developmental ability of embryos produced by IVM-IVF (Kikuchi et al. 2002 Biol. Reprod. 1033-1041). Between factors affecting polyspermy are the sperm procedures before IVF. Usually, these procedures including centrifugations that increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in spermatozoa. ROS play an important role in sperm physiology including capacitation. Physiological concentrations of ROS have been proposed to enhance sperm capacitation by increasing cAMP synthesis and by inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatases whilst activating tyrosine kinases. In general, epididymal spermatozoa appear to be able to capacitate and fertilize eggs in vitro much more easily than ejaculated spermatozoa (Yanagimachi Mammalian Fertilization. In: The Physiology of Reproduction, Raven Press 1988; 135-182). In this study, we investigated how different sources (ejaculated spermatozoa vs. epididymal spermatozoa) and sperm capacitating methods, usually employed in porcine IVF, could be affect ROS generation. Sperm-rich fractions from five fertile boars and sperm from five different epididyimides were used. The semen samples were then: (i) washed in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) supplemented with 0.1% BSA, (ii) left unwashed, or (iii) washed on a Percoll (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) gradient (Mat�s et al. 2003 Reproduction 125, 133-141). Production of ROS was measured by incubating the spermatozoa in the in vitro fertilization medium (TALP) in the presence of 0.7 �m 22,72-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate at 37�C under 5% CO2 in 100% humidified air. Every 15 min (from 15 to 135) the samples were analyzed and evaluated by flow cytometry. Measurements were expressed as the mean green intensity fluorescence units and it was used as index of ROS generation (Gadea et al. 2005 J. Androl. 26, 396-404). ANOVA analysis revealed a significant effect of sperm treatment on the ROS generation (P < 0.001). The highest value was obtained in sperm washed on a Percoll gradient and the lowest in unwashed semen. When ejaculated vs. epididymal semen was analyzed, the same tendency was observed in both. However, the values were always lower in epididymal semen than in ejaculated semen (P < 0.001). As a conclusion, ROS generation is different between treatments and between semen procedures for the time interval studied, and this finding may help to explain the different outcome in IVF among laboratories.
This work was supported by Ministerio de Educaci�n y Ciencia, AGL2003-03144.
Calcium Uptake by Bovine Epididymal Spermatozoa is Regulated by the Redox State of the Mitochondrial Pyridine Nucleotides1
