Visual cortical units associated with phasic activity in REM sleep and wakefulness

The correlation between brain blood flow (BBF) and respiratory neuromotor output, as reflected by diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMG) activity (EMGdi), was studied during wakefulness, rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM sleep (NREM). Compared with the awake state, mean BBF increased by 4.7% during NREM and by 32.6% during REM (P less than 0.001). Also, surges of BBF during REM occurred during periods of intense phasic activity. EMGdi [peak and peak/inspiratory time (TI)] was highly variable within REM periods but fluctuated as a reciprocal function of simultaneously measured BBf (r = -0.49, P less than 0.001). Furthermore, mean EMGdipeak decreased from NREM to REM in a manner reciprocally related to the corresponding change in BBF (r = -0.77, P = 0.015). These findings suggest that a component of the reduction of respiratory neuromotor output during REM is attributable to increased BBF with consequent relative hypocapnia in the central chemoreceptor environment.

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Phasic Activity of the Basolateral Amygdala, Cingulate Gyrus, and Hippocampus During REM Sleep in the Cat

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/7.3.202 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 202-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

J. M. Calvo ◽

A. Fernández-Guardiola

Keyword(s):

Rem Sleep ◽

Basolateral Amygdala ◽

Cingulate Gyrus ◽

Phasic Activity

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A prospective study of apnea and its relationship with the phasic activity of REM sleep in newborns: Clinical and polygraphic aspects

Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology ◽

10.1016/0013-4694(90)91829-e ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 75 ◽

pp. S31

Author(s):

J.C. Da Costa ◽

M.L. Nunes ◽

E.M. Wagner

Keyword(s):

Prospective Study ◽

Rem Sleep ◽

Phasic Activity ◽

A Prospective Study

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Phasic Activity during REM Sleep in Movement Disorders

Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience - Age-Related Dopamine-Dependent Disorders ◽

10.1159/000423591 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 69-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hideki Fukuda ◽

Masaya Segawa ◽

Yoshiko Nomura ◽

Kyoko Nishihara ◽

Yukio Ono

Keyword(s):

Movement Disorders ◽

Rem Sleep ◽

Phasic Activity

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Phasic activity of the amygdala neurons during REM sleep

Neuroscience Research ◽

10.1016/j.neures.2011.07.738 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 71 ◽

pp. e171

Author(s):

Yoshimasa Koyama ◽

Toshifumi Aoyagi ◽

Satoshi Toyomaki

Keyword(s):

Rem Sleep ◽

Phasic Activity

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Dynamic fluctuations of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system underlie sleep state transitions

10.1101/2020.09.01.274977 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Celia Kjaerby ◽

Mie Andersen ◽

Natalie Hauglund ◽

Fengfei Ding ◽

Wei Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Locus Coeruleus ◽

Rem Sleep ◽

Nrem Sleep ◽

State Transitions ◽

List Type ◽

Sleep State ◽

Dynamic Changes ◽

Population Activity ◽

Phasic Activity ◽

Oscillatory Pattern

SummaryWe normally regard sleep and wake as two distinct opposing brain states, where sleep requires silence of wake-promoting structures such as the locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine (NE) system. We set out to investigate how cortical NE dynamics and NE-related astrocytic activity relates to LC population activity during sleep states.We show that LC displays regular phasic activity bouts during NREM sleep leading to a slow oscillatory pattern of prefrontal NE levels of which the majority of NE increases does not lead to awakening. NE troughs link to sleep spindles and continued NE decline transitions into REM sleep. Last, we show that prefrontal astrocytes have reduced sensitivity towards NE during sleep.Our results suggest that dynamic changes in the activity of wake-promoting systems during sleep create alternation between crucial sleep processes and broadening of sensitivity towards incoming sensory input.HighlightsExtracellular levels of norepinephrine display dynamic changes during NREM and REM sleepPhasic activity of locus coeruleus neurons during NREM underlies slow norepinephrine oscillationsSpindles occur at norepinephrine troughs and are abolished by norepinephrine increasesIncreased spindles prior to REM reflect the beginning of a long-lasting norepinephrine declineREM episodes are characterized by a sub-threshold continuous norepinephrine declineThe responsiveness of astrocytic Ca2+ to norepinephrine is reduced during sleep

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Ultrastructure of developing visual cortical synapses in the cat superior colliculus

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100085083 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 156-157

Author(s):

Caroline A. Miller ◽

Laura L. Bruce

Keyword(s):

Superior Colliculus ◽

Phosphate Buffer ◽

Receptive Fields ◽

Visual Cortical Area ◽

Cortical Synapses ◽

Visual Cortical ◽

And Function ◽

Phosphate Buffered Saline ◽

The Brain ◽

Cat Superior Colliculus

The first visual cortical axons arrive in the cat superior colliculus by the time of birth. Adultlike receptive fields develop slowly over several weeks following birth. The developing cortical axons go through a sequence of changes before acquiring their adultlike morphology and function. To determine how these axons interact with neurons in the colliculus, cortico-collicular axons were labeled with biocytin (an anterograde neuronal tracer) and studied with electron microscopy.Deeply anesthetized animals received 200-500 nl injections of biocytin (Sigma; 5% in phosphate buffer) in the lateral suprasylvian visual cortical area. After a 24 hr survival time, the animals were deeply anesthetized and perfused with 0.9% phosphate buffered saline followed by fixation with a solution of 1.25% glutaraldehyde and 1.0% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer. The brain was sectioned transversely on a vibratome at 50 μm. The tissue was processed immediately to visualize the biocytin.

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