Artificial intelligence: an MIT perspective. volume 1: expert problem solving, natural language understanding, intelligent computer coaches, representa volume 2: understanding vision, manipulation and productive technology, computer design and symbol manipulation

Futures ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 424-425
Author(s):  
F.H. George
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Natural Language Understanding ◽  
Computer Design ◽  
Symbol Manipulation ◽  
Language Understanding ◽  
Intelligent Computer

scholarly journals Extensible Chatbot Architecture Using Metamodels of Natural Language Understanding

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 2300
Author(s):  
Rade Matic ◽  
Milos Kabiljo ◽  
Miodrag Zivkovic ◽  
Milan Cabarkapa
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Communication Channels ◽  
Natural Language Understanding ◽  
Language Understanding ◽  
Customer Services ◽  
The Right

In recent years, gradual improvements in communication and connectivity technologies have enabled new technical possibilities for the adoption of chatbots across diverse sectors such as customer services, trade, and marketing. The chatbot is a platform that uses natural language processing, a subset of artificial intelligence, to find the right answer to all users’ questions and solve their problems. Advanced chatbot architecture that is extensible, scalable, and supports different services for natural language understanding (NLU) and communication channels for interactions of users has been proposed. The paper describes overall chatbot architecture and provides corresponding metamodels as well as rules for mapping between the proposed and two commonly used NLU metamodels. The proposed architecture could be easily extended with new NLU services and communication channels. Finally, two implementations of the proposed chatbot architecture are briefly demonstrated in the case study of “ADA” and “COVID-19 Info Serbia”.

scholarly journals Semantic Analysis of Winograd Schema No. 1

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Natural Language Understanding ◽  
Language Understanding ◽  
Reference Resolution ◽  
Commonsense Knowledge ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
General Test

The Winograd Schema Challenge is a general test for Artificial Intelligence, based on problems of pronoun reference resolution. I investigate the semantics and interpretation of Winograd Schemas, concentrating on the original and most famous example. This study suggests that a rich ontology, detailed commonsense knowledge as well as special purpose inference mechanisms are all required to resolve just this one example. The analysis supports the view that a key factor in the interpretation and disambiguation of natural language is the preference for coherence. This preference guides the resolution of co-reference in relation to both explicitly mentioned entities and also implicit entities that are required to form an interpretation of what is being described. I suggest that assumed identity of implicit entities arises from the expectation of coherence and provides a key mechanism that underpins natural language understanding. I also argue that conceptual ontologies can play a decisive role not only in directly determining pronoun references but also in identifying implicit entities and implied relationships that bind together components of a sentence.

scholarly journals An Introduction to Natural Language Processing: the Main Problems

Triangle ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Veronica Dahl
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language Understanding ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Language Understanding ◽  
Written Text

Natural Language Processing aims to give computers the power to automatically process human language sentences, mostly in written text form but also spoken, for various purposes. This sub-discipline of AI (Artificial Intelligence) is also known as Natural Language Understanding.

scholarly journals A chatbotok jelensége, taxonómiája, felhasználási területei, erősségei és kihívásai

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Zoltán Szűts ◽  
Jinil Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Instant Messaging ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Natural Language Understanding ◽  
Turing Test ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
Language Understanding ◽  
Online Chat ◽  
In The Beginning

A chatbotok a 2010-es évek elején jelentek meg tömegesen az üzleti intelligencia specifikus formájaként. A gyakran mesterséges intelligenciával bíró interaktív technológia utat talált az online csevegőprogramok világába, és ma már több csatornán találkozhatnak vele a felhasználók. A chatbotok nem csupán a virtuális asszisztensek részei. De számos szervezet és kormányzat is használja őket weboldalak, applikációk, illetve azonnali üzenetküldő platformok környezetében annak érdekében, hogy termékeiket, ötleteiket, szolgáltatásaikat vagy éppen az általuk fontosnak ítélt témákat promotálják. Tanulmányukban a szerzők vállalkoznak a chatbotok taxonomiájának, a fa struktúrájú és generatív modellek, nyílt és zár rendszerek bemutatására, röviden érintve a mesterséges és érzelmi intelligencia kérdését is. Ugyancsak a tanulmány tárgyát képezi annak prezentálása, hogy a technológia fejlődésével – ami alatt alapvetően a mesterséges intelligencia, a gépi tanulás és a natural language understanding magasabb szintre lépését értik – a chatbotok használata is pontosabb, sőt intuitívabb lesz. Néhány sikeresen alkalmazható terület mellett a szerzők végül a technológia kihívásaira és hátrányaira is felhívják a figyelmet. --- Taxonomy, use cases, strengths and challenges of chatbots Chatbots appeared in critical mass in the beginning of the 2010’s as a specific form of business intelligence. Interactive technology, often combined with artificial intelligence, has since then found a way onto online chat services. Chatbots are now not only part of virtual assistants, but are also used by several organizations on websites, applications, and instant messaging platforms. Their purpose is to promote products, ideas, services and topics considered to be important. In their study, the authors undertake to demonstrate the taxonomy of chatbots, tree structured and generative models, open and closed systems, briefly touching on the issue of artificial and emotional intelligence as well. The study also aims to present how the use of chatbots will be more accurate and even more intuitive with the further development of technology. This technology could be artificial intelligence, machine learning or natural language understanding. In addition to some promising areas of use, the authors also draw attention to the challenges and disadvantages of technology. Keywords: chatbots, artificial intelligence, crowdsourcing, e-government, Turing-test

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