The usefulness of the HAD scale in assessing anxiety and depression in patients with burning mouth syndrome

This research gives a scientific framework for burning mouth syndrome(BMS) etiology and diagnostic approach in clinical dental and medical practice. BMS-like symptoms can be induced by systemic diseases such as diabetes, gastrointestinal, endocrine disorders, allergy etc. or by local oral cavity conditions as candidiasis or geographic tongue or odontogenic causes. Because the etiology of BMS is multifactorial, treatment can only be distinctive, and is aimed at relieving symptoms. The complexity of BMS symptoms and associated psychosocial infirmities, anxiety and depression raise the need for a multidisciplinary and individualised approach.

Download Full-text

Burning mouth syndrome: the relationship between the HAD scale and parafunctional habits

Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine ◽

10.1111/j.1600-0714.1995.tb01186.x ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 24 (7) ◽

pp. 289-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

A. J. Paterson ◽

A. B. Lamb ◽

T. J. Clifford ◽

P.-J. Lamey

Keyword(s):

Burning Mouth Syndrome ◽

Burning Mouth ◽

The Relationship ◽

Had Scale

Download Full-text

Role of psychological factors in burning mouth syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cephalalgia ◽

10.1177/0333102416646769 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 265-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Federica Galli ◽

Giovanni Lodi ◽

Andrea Sardella ◽

Elena Vegni

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Psychological Factors ◽

Medical Condition ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Burning Mouth Syndrome ◽

Chronic Medical Condition ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Personality Factors ◽

Burning Mouth

Background Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic medical condition characterised by hot, painful sensations in the lips, oral mucosa, and/or tongue mucosa. On examination, these appear healthy, and organic causes for the pain cannot be found. Several studies have yielded scant evidence of the involvement of psychological and/or psychopathological factors, and several have outlined a model for the classification of BMS. Aim This review aims to provide a systematic review of research examining the psychological, psychiatric, and/or personality factors linked to BMS. Findings Fourteen controlled studies conducted between 2000 and the present were selected based on stringent inclusion/exclusion criteria. All studies but one reported at least some evidence for the involvement of psychological factors in BMS. Anxiety and depression were the most common and the most frequently studied psychopathological disorders among BMS patients. Discussion and conclusion Anxiety and depression play critical roles in this condition. Evidence on the role of personality characteristics of BMS patients has also been produced by a few studies. Further studies on the role of specific psychological factors in BMS are warranted, but the importance of a multidisciplinary approach (medical and psychological) to BMS is no matter of discussion.

Download Full-text

Evaluating the Suitability and Potential Efficiency of Cannabis sativa Oil for Patients with Primary Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Prospective, Open-Label, Single-Arm Pilot Study

Pain Medicine ◽

10.1093/pm/pnaa318 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alessio Gambino ◽

Marco Cabras ◽

Evangelos Panagiotakos ◽

Federico Calvo ◽

Alessandra Macciotta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Adverse Events ◽

Pain Intensity ◽

Cannabis Sativa ◽

Burning Mouth Syndrome ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Mcgill Pain Questionnaire ◽

Placebo Control ◽

Open Label ◽

Burning Mouth

Abstract Objective To evaluate the use of a Cannabis sativa oil in the management of patients diagnosed with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Design Prospective, open-label, single-arm pilot study. Setting University hospital. Subjects Seventeen patients with diagnosed BMS were included. Methods Subjects were treated for 4 weeks with a full cannabis plant extract, which was prepared from standardized plant material (cannabis flos) in specialized pharmacies by means of Romano-Hazekamp extraction and was diluted in oil (1 g of cannabis in 10 g of olive oil). The primary outcome was the change in pain intensity (assessed by the visual analog scale, Present Pain Intensity scale, McGill Pain Questionnaire, and Oral Health Impact Profiles) at the end of the protocol and during the succeeding 24 weeks; the neuropathic pain was also investigated with a specific interview questionnaire (DN4-interview [Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions]). Levels of anxiety and depression were considered as secondary outcomes, together with reported adverse events due to the specified treatment. Results Subjects showed a statistically significant improvement over time in terms of a clinical remission of the oral symptoms. Levels of anxiety and depression also changed statistically, displaying a favorable improvement. No serious reactions were detailed. None of the patients had to stop the treatment due to adverse events. Conclusions In this pilot evaluation, the C. sativa oil provided was effective and well tolerated in patients with primary BMS. Further bigger and properly defined randomized controlled trials, with different therapeutic approaches or placebo control, are needed, however.

Download Full-text

Assessment of anxiety and depression in patients with burning mouth syndrome: A clinical trial

Journal of Mid-life Health ◽

10.4103/0976-7800.98816 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 36

Author(s):

Rohit Malik ◽

Deepankar Misra ◽

Akansha Misra ◽

Sapna Panjwani ◽

Sumit Goel

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Burning Mouth Syndrome ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Burning Mouth

Download Full-text

Burning Mouth Syndrome after Taking Clonazepam

Annals of Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1345/aph.1z434 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 35 (7-8) ◽

pp. 874-876 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Nicole S Culhane ◽

Audrey D Hodle

Keyword(s):

Clinical Presentation ◽

Burning Mouth Syndrome ◽

Burning Sensation ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Probability Scale ◽

Case Summary ◽

Published Report ◽

Underlying Causes ◽

Burning Mouth ◽

Oral Burning

OBJECTIVE: To report the first published case of clonazepam-induced burning mouth syndrome (BMS). CASE SUMMARY: A 52-year-old white woman presented to the clinic with burning mouth symptoms. The patient was previously maintained on alprazolam therapy for anxiety, but was switched to clonazepam because of increased anxiety and panic. Clonazepam significantly relieved her symptoms, but after four weeks of therapy, she reported a constant, mild, oral burning sensation. An oral examination was negative for mucosal abnormalities, and laboratory tests were unremarkable. The clonazepam dose was reduced, and the symptoms decreased, but remained intolerable. Clonazepam was discontinued, and the burning mouth symptoms completely resolved. Since no other medications relieved the anxiety and panic symptoms, the patient requested clonazepam to be reinitiated, but she again developed intolerable burning mouth symptoms. As clonazepam was discontinued, the symptoms resolved. DISCUSSION: The clinical presentation of BMS includes burning and painful sensations of the mouth in the absence of mucosal abnormalities. Candidiasis, anemia, menopause, diabetes mellitus, medications, anxiety, and depression are some causes of this syndrome. Paradoxically, clonazepam has been studied for the treatment of BMS and has demonstrated mild to moderate improvement. In this patient, underlying causes of BMS were eliminated when possible. The association between clonazepam and BMS was highly probable according to the Naranjo probability scale. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first published report describing BMS with a benzodiazepine. Although uncommon, clinicians should be aware of this potential adverse effect due to the widespread use of benzodiazepines.

Download Full-text