95/00917 A practical guide to the determination of human exposure to radiofrequency fields

Cyanotoxins (CTs) produced by cyanobacteria in surface freshwater are a major threat for public health and aquatic ecosystems. Cyanobacteria can also produce a wide variety of other understudied bioactive metabolites such as oligopeptides microginins (MGs), aeruginosins (AERs), aeruginosamides (AEGs) and anabaenopeptins (APs). This study reports on the co-occurrence of CTs and cyanopeptides (CPs) in Lake Vegoritis, Greece and presents their variant-specific profiles obtained during 3-years of monitoring (2018–2020). Fifteen CTs (cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anatoxin (ATX), nodularin (NOD), and 12 microcystins (MCs)) and ten CPs (3 APs, 4 MGs, 2 AERs and aeruginosamide (AEG A)) were targeted using an extended and validated LC-MS/MS protocol for the simultaneous determination of multi-class CTs and CPs. Results showed the presence of MCs (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, dmMC-LR, dmMC-RR, MC-HtyR, and MC-HilR) and CYN at concentrations of <1 μg/L, with MC-LR (79%) and CYN (71%) being the most frequently occurring. Anabaenopeptins B (AP B) and F (AP F) were detected in almost all samples and microginin T1 (MG T1) was the most abundant CP, reaching 47.0 μg/L. This is the first report of the co-occurrence of CTs and CPs in Lake Vegoritis, which is used for irrigation, fishing and recreational activities. The findings support the need for further investigations of the occurrence of CTs and the less studied cyanobacterial metabolites in lakes, to promote risk assessment with relevance to human exposure.

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Gaining and Recording Consent: A Practical guide for the Dental Team

Primary Dental Journal ◽

10.1177/205016841500400119 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 54-59

Author(s):

Alexander C L Holden

Keyword(s):

Dental Treatment ◽

Adult Patients ◽

Consent Process ◽

Clinical Notes ◽

Practical Guide ◽

The Right

Consent is an essential part of any medical or dental treatment. Patients have a well-developed sense of autonomy and society demands that this is respected by those providing treatment. It is within living memory where the consent process was not held to be so important, with patients being happy to submit to medical and dental opinion without question. This has rapidly evolved to the point where today, even the simplest of procedures requires a solid consent process to take place. The consequences of not doing this are the potential for litigation, professional sanction and most importantly, the potential to deprive patients of the right to determination of what treatment they allow to be done to them. This article aims to illustrate the principles behind gaining consent from competent adult patients and how this might be recorded in clinical notes in a way that properly reflects the process's complexity and importance in the provision of dental treatment.

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Aristolochic Acids as Persistent Soil Pollutants: Determination of Risk for Human Exposure and Nephropathy from Plant Uptake

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ◽

10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04770 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (43) ◽

pp. 11468-11476 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Weiwei Li ◽

Chi-Kong Chan ◽

Yushuo Liu ◽

Jing Yao ◽

Branka Mitić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Uptake ◽

Human Exposure ◽

Aristolochic Acids

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Nanoparticles, human health hazard and regulation

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2009.0252.focus ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 7 (suppl_1) ◽

Cited By ~ 169

Author(s):

Anthony Seaton ◽

Lang Tran ◽

Robert Aitken ◽

Kenneth Donaldson

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Human Exposure ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Health Hazard ◽

New Developments ◽

New Science ◽

Combustion Particles ◽

Human Health Hazard ◽

Physical Principles

New developments in technology usually entail some hazard as well as advantage to a society. Hazard of a material translates into risk by exposure of humans and/or their environment to the agent in question, and risk is reduced by control of exposure, usually guided by regulation based on understanding of the mechanisms of harm. We illustrate risks relating to the causation of diseases associated with exposure to aerosols of combustion particles and asbestos, leading to paradigms of particle toxicity, and discuss analogies with potential exposure to manufactured nanoparticles (NPs). We review the current understanding of the hazard of NPs derived from the new science of nanotoxicology and the limited research to date into human exposure to these particles. We identify gaps in knowledge relating to the properties of NPs that might determine toxicity and in understanding the most appropriate ways both to measure this in the laboratory and to assess it in the workplace. Nevertheless, we point out that physical principles governing the behaviour of such particles allow determination of practical methods of protecting those potentially exposed. Finally, we discuss the early steps towards regulation and the difficulties facing regulators in controlling potentially harmful exposures in the absence of sufficient scientific evidence.

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