Co-lamination of cholinergic amacrine cell and displaced ganglion cell dendrites in the chicken retina

1989 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Yang ◽  
T.J. Millar ◽  
I.G. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Amacrine Cell ◽  
Chicken Retina

Cat retinal ganglion cell receptive-field alterations after 6-hydroxydopamine induced dopaminergic amacrine cell lesions

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1431-1443 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Maguire ◽  
E. L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
Amacrine Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Response Functions ◽  
Endogenous Dopamine ◽  
Dopamine Content ◽  
Intensity Response ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine

Optic tract single-unit recordings were used to study ganglion cell response functions of the intact cat eye after 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioning of the dopaminergic amacrine cell (AC) population of the inner retina. The impairment of the dopaminergic AC was verified by high pressure-liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection of endogenous dopamine content and by [3H]dopamine high-affinity uptake; the dopaminergic ACs of the treated eyes demonstrated reduced endogenous dopamine content and reduced [3H]dopamine uptake compared with that of their matched controls. Normal appearing [3H]GABA and [3H]-glycine uptake in the treated retinas suggests the absence of any nonspecific action of the 6-OHDA on the neural retina. The impairment of the dopaminergic AC population was found to alter a number of response properties in off-center ganglion cells, but this impairment had only a modest effect on the on-center cells. An abnormally high proportion of the off-center ganglion cells in the 6-OHDA treated eyes possessed nonlinear, Y-type receptive fields. These cells also possessed shift-responses of greater than normal amplitude, altered intensity-response functions, reduced maintained activities, and more transient center responses. Of the on-center type cells, only the Y-type on-center cells were affected by 6-OHDA, possessing higher than normal maintained activities and altered intensity-response functions. The on-center X-cells were unaffected by 6-OHDA treatment. The dopaminergic AC of the photopically adapted cat retina therefore modulates a number of ganglion cell response properties and within the limits of this study is most prominent in off-center ganglion cell circuitry. When functioning normally, the dopaminergic AC of the cat's retina appears to make the receptive field of the off-center cell more sustained and may make its spatial summation characteristics more linear while adjusting the intensitive properties of neurons in both the on- and off-center pathways.

Synaptic inputs to retrogradely labeled ganglion cells in the retina of the cane toad, Bufo marinus

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1089-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bao-Song Zhu ◽  
Ian L. Gibbins
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Amacrine Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Retrograde Transport ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bufo Marinus ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Synaptic Inputs ◽  
Biotinylated Dextran

AbstractThe entire population of ganglion cells in the retina of the toad Bufo marinus was labeled by retrograde transport of a lysine-fixable biotinylated dextran amine of 3000 molecular weight. Synaptic connections between bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells in the inner plexiform layer were quantitatively analyzed, with emphasis on synaptic inputs to labeled ganglion cell dendrites. Synapses onto ganglion cell dendrites comprised 47% of a total of 1234 identified synapses in the inner plexiform layer. Approximately half of the bipolar or amacrine cell synapses were directed onto ganglion cell dendrites, while the rest were made mainly onto amacrine cell dendrites. Most of the synaptic inputs to ganglion cell dendrites derived from amacrine cell dendrites (84%), with the rest from bipolar cell terminals. Synaptic inputs to ganglion cell dendrites were distributed relatively uniformly throughout all sublaminae of the inner plexiform layer. The present study provides unambiguous identification of ganglion cell dendrites including very fine processes, enabling a detailed analysis of the types and distribution of synaptic inputs from the bipolar and amacrine cell to the ganglion cells. The retrograde tracing technique used in the present study will prove to be a useful tool for identifying synaptic inputs to ganglion cell dendrites from neurochemically identified bipolar and amacrine cell types in the retina.

scholarly journals Interneuron Circuits Tune Inhibition in Retinal Bipolar Cells

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika D. Eggers ◽  
Peter D. Lukasiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Bipolar Cell ◽  
Amacrine Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Light Stimuli ◽  
Cell Inhibition ◽  
Cell Networks

While connections between inhibitory interneurons are common circuit elements, it has been difficult to define their signal processing roles because of the inability to activate these circuits using natural stimuli. We overcame this limitation by studying connections between inhibitory amacrine cells in the retina. These interneurons form spatially extensive inhibitory networks that shape signaling between bipolar cell relay neurons to ganglion cell output neurons. We investigated how amacrine cell networks modulate these retinal signals by selectively activating the networks with spatially defined light stimuli. The roles of amacrine cell networks were assessed by recording their inhibitory synaptic outputs in bipolar cells that suppress bipolar cell output to ganglion cells. When the amacrine cell network was activated by large light stimuli, the inhibitory connections between amacrine cells unexpectedly depressed bipolar cell inhibition. Bipolar cell inhibition elicited by smaller light stimuli or electrically activated feedback inhibition was not suppressed because these stimuli did not activate the connections between amacrine cells. Thus the activation of amacrine cell circuits with large light stimuli can shape the spatial sensitivity of the retina by limiting the spatial extent of bipolar cell inhibition. Because inner retinal inhibition contributes to ganglion cell surround inhibition, in part, by controlling input from bipolar cells, these connections may refine the spatial properties of the retinal output. This functional role of interneuron connections may be repeated throughout the CNS.

scholarly journals Heterocellular coupling between amacrine cell and ganglion cells

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Marc ◽  
Crystal Sigulinsky ◽  
Rebecca L. Pfeiffer ◽  
Daniel Emrich ◽  
James R. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gap Junctions ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Bipolar Cell ◽  
Amacrine Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Tem Analysis

AbstractAll superclasses of retinal neurons display some form of electrical coupling including the key neurons of the inner plexiform layer: bipolar cells (BCs), amacrine or axonal cells (ACs) and ganglion cells (GCs). However, coupling varies extensively by class. For example, mammalian rod bipolar cells form no gap junctions at all, while all cone bipolar cells form class-specific coupling arrays, many of them homocellular in-superclass arrays. Ganglion cells are unique in that classes with coupling predominantly form heterocellular cross-class arrays of ganglion cell::amacrine cell (GC::AC) coupling in the mammalian retina. Ganglion cells are the least frequent superclass in the inner plexiform layer and GC::AC gap junctions are sparsely arrayed amidst massive cohorts of AC::AC, bipolar cell BC::BC, and AC::BC gap junctions. Many of these gap junctions and most ganglion cell gap junctions are suboptical, complicating analysis of specific ganglion cells. High resolution 2 nm TEM analysis of rabbit retinal connectome RC1 allows quantitative GC::AC coupling maps of identified ganglion cells. Ganglion cells classes apparently avoid direct cross-class homocellular coupling altogether even though they have opportunities via direct membrane touches, while transient OFF alpha ganglion cells and transient ON directionally selective (DS) ganglion cells are strongly coupled to distinct amacrine / axonal cell cohorts.A key feature of coupled ganglion cells is intercellular metabolite flux. Most GC::AC coupling involves GABAergic cells (γ+ amacrine cells), which results in significant GABA flux into ganglion cells. Surveying GABA coupling signatures in the ganglion cell layer across species suggests that the majority of vertebrate retinas engage in GC::AC coupling.Multi-hop synaptic queries of the entire RC1 connectome clearly profiles the coupled amacrine and axonal cells. Photic drive polarities and source bipolar cell class selec-tivities are tightly matched across coupled cells. OFF alpha ganglion cells are coupled to OFF γ+ amacrine cells and transient ON DS ganglion cells are coupled to ON γ+ amacrine cells including a large interstitial axonal cell (IAC). Synaptic tabulations show close matches between the classes of bipolar cells sampled by the coupled amacrine and ganglion cells. Further, both ON and OFF coupling ganglion networks show a common theme: synaptic asymmetry whereby the coupled γ+ neurons are also presynaptic to ganglion cell dendrites from different classes of ganglion cells outside the coupled set. In effect, these heterocellular coupling patterns enable an excited ganglion cell to directly inhibit nearby ganglion cells of different classes. Similarly, coupled γ+ amacrine cells engaged in feedback networks can leverage the additional gain of bipolar cell synapses in shaping the signaling of a spectrum of downstream targets based on their own selective coupling with ganglion cells.

scholarly journals Synaptic inputs from identified bipolar and amacrine cells to a sparsely branched ganglion cell in rabbit retina

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea S. Bordt ◽  
Diego Perez ◽  
Luke Tseng ◽  
Weiley Sunny Liu ◽  
Jay Neitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Amacrine Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Rabbit Retina ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Synaptic Inputs ◽  
Class Iv

AbstractThere are more than 30 distinct types of mammalian retinal ganglion cells, each sensitive to different features of the visual environment. In rabbit retina, they can be grouped into four classes according to their morphology and stratification of their dendrites in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). The goal of this study was to describe the synaptic inputs to one type of Class IV ganglion cell, the third member of the sparsely branched Class IV cells (SB3). One cell of this type was partially reconstructed in a retinal connectome developed using automated transmission electron microscopy (ATEM). It had slender, relatively straight dendrites that ramify in the sublamina a of the IPL. The dendrites of the SB3 cell were always postsynaptic in the IPL, supporting its identity as a ganglion cell. It received 29% of its input from bipolar cells, a value in the middle of the range for rabbit retinal ganglion cells studied previously. The SB3 cell typically received only one synapse per bipolar cell from multiple types of presumed OFF bipolar cells; reciprocal synapses from amacrine cells at the dyad synapses were infrequent. In a few instances, the bipolar cells presynaptic to the SB3 ganglion cell also provided input to an amacrine cell presynaptic to the ganglion cell. There was apparently no crossover inhibition from narrow-field ON amacrine cells. Most of the amacrine cell inputs were from axons and dendrites of GABAergic amacrine cells, likely providing inhibitory input from outside the classical receptive field.

Dissection of the neuron network in the catfish inner retina. I. Transmission to ganglion cells

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1549-1567 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Sakai ◽  
K. Naka
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Amacrine Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Cutoff Frequency ◽  
Neuron Network ◽  
Type C ◽  
Correlation Process

1. To characterize the signal transmission from amacrine to ganglion cells, and to identify the filter that transforms amacrine-cell responses into ganglion-cell spike discharges, an extrinsic current, either sinusoidally or white-noise modulated, was injected into an amacrine cell and the resulting extracellular spike discharges were recorded from a neighboring ganglion cell. For the sinusoidal inputs, PST (poststimulus time) histograms were produced; for the white-noise inputs, first- and second-order Wiener kernels were computed by a cross-correlation process. 2. Extrinsic current injected either into a type-N (sustained) amacrine cell or a type-C (transient) amacrine cell modulated the spike discharges of nearby ganglion cells, whether of the "ON," "ON-OFF" or "OFF" types. We identified two modes of signal transmission, fast (probably monosynaptic) and slow (probably polysynaptic) transmission. Signal transmission from amacrine to ganglion cells of the same response polarity i.e., from type-NA (depolarizing, sustained) amacrine to ON-ganglion cell and from-NB (hyperpolarizing, sustained) amacrine to OFF-ganglion cell, was either fast or slow. Similarly, the signal transmission from type-C to either ON- or OFF-ganglion cells was either fast or slow. 3. The signal transmission from amacrine to ganglion cell of the opposite response polarity, i.e., from type-NA to OFF-ganglion cell and from type-NB to ON-ganglion cell, was always slow. 4. Fast transmission from type-N amacrine to a ganglion cell of the same polarity, or from type-C to either ON- or OFF-ganglion cells was always sign-noninverting. The transfer function was lowpass, with a cutoff frequency of 30 Hz. 5. Slow transmission from any type of amacrine cell (either type-NA, -NB or -C) to ON-ganglion cells was always sign inverting, whereas from any amacrine to OFF-ganglion cells was always sign-noninverting. The transfer function for the slow transmission was narrow bandpass, with a cutoff frequency of 30-40 Hz.

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