Mapping of the Earth crust and upper mantle off Lofoten using three-component Ocean Bottom Seismographs (OBS )

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-143
Author(s):  
Rolf Mjelde
1971 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1441-1451
Author(s):  
R. D. Adams

abstract Early reflections of the phase P′P′ recorded at North American seismograph stations from nuclear explosions in Novaya Zemlya are used to examine the crust and upper mantle beneath a region of eastern Antarctica. Many reflections are observed from depths less than 120 km, indicating considerable inhomogeneity at these depths in the Earth. No regular horizons were found throughout the area, but some correlation was observed among reflections at closely-spaced stations, and, at many stations, reflections were observed from depths of between 60 and 80 km, corresponding to a likely upper boundary of the low-velocity channel. Deeper reflections were found at depths of near 420 and 650 km. The latter boundary was particularly well-observed and appears to be sharply defined at a depth that is constant to within a few kilometers. The boundary at 420 km is not so well defined by reflections of P′P′, but reflects well longer-period PP waves, arriving at wider angles of incidence. This boundary appears to be at least as pronounced, but not so sharp as that near 650 km. The deep structure beneath Antarctica presents no obvious difference from that beneath other continental areas.


2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 738
Author(s):  
Alexey Goncharov ◽  
Michal Malinowski ◽  
Dejan Sekulic ◽  
Ashby Cooper ◽  
Peter Chia ◽  
...  

A fleet of new Australian ocean bottom seismographs (OBSs) have broadband frequency range, and similar instruments are available at only five or six institutions globally. These OBSs are multi-purpose devices able to record passive-source seismic data (earthquakes, ambient noise) as well as active-source (airgun generated) data and, at the same time, to monitor seismic survey noise and whale calls for environmentally responsible exploration. OBS data collected during commercial seismic surveys in Australian waters prove that it is possible to image the velocity distribution of the whole crust and upper mantle from analysis of both reflected and refracted phases generated by an industry-standard broadband airgun array. This means that valuable information on a regional scale can be obtained as a by-product of commercial seismic surveys. Three-component recording capability of OBSs allows analysis of S-waves in addition to the P-waves that are conventionally used in marine reflection surveys.


2019 ◽  
Vol 224 ◽  
pp. 03012
Author(s):  
Vadim Il’chenko

Based on the principle of Equivalence of Gravitating Masses (EGM) and tectonostratigraphic model of the Earth outer shell structure (the Earth crust and upper mantle), the average depth of the lunar mass gravitational influence on the Earth was calculated as ~1600 km. The developed model is based on the mechanism of rocks tectonic layering of the Earth crust-mantle shell as an oscillatory system with dynamic conditions of a standing wave, regularly excited by the lunar tide and immediately passing into the damping mode. After comparing the average depth of solid lunar tide impact of ~1600 km with the height of the solid lunar tide “hump” on the Earth surface of 0.5 m, a “tensile strain” was calculated with an amplitude only one order of magnitude larger than the amplitude of the gravitational wave recorded by the Advanced LIGO interferometer: A≈10-18 m (the merger result of a black holes pair ca 1.3 Ga ago). The results of the present study suggest that the crust-mantle shell of the Earth may be used as a gravitational-wave interferometer.


1964 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-138
Author(s):  
Hisashi KUNO ◽  
Hitoshi TAKEUCHI ◽  
Seiya UEDA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossam Marzouk ◽  
Tarek Arafa-Hamed ◽  
Michael Becken ◽  
Mohamed Abdel Zaher ◽  
Matthew Comeau

<p>We present electrical resistivity models of the crust and upper mantle estimated from 2D inversions of broadband magnetotellurics (MT) data acquired from two profiles in the western desert of Egypt, which can contribute to the understanding of the structural setup of this region. The first profile data are collected from 14 stations along a 250 km profile, in EW direction profile runs along latitude ~25.5°N from Kharga oasis to Dakhla oasis. The second profile comprises 19 stations measured along a 130 km profile in NS direction centered at longitude 28°E and crossing the Farafra. The acquisition for both profiles continued for 1 to 3 days at each station, which allowed for the calculation of impedances for periods from 0.01 sec up to  4096 sec at some sites. The wide frequency band corresponds to a maximal skin depths of up to 150 km that can provide penetration to the top of the asthenosphere. The inversion models display high-conductivity sediments cover at the near surface (<1-2 km), which can be associated with the Nubian aquifer. Along the EW-profile from Kaharge to Dhakla, the crustal basement is overly highly resistive and homogeneous und underlain by a more conductive lithospheric mantle below depths of 30-40 km. Along the N-S profile across Farafra, only the southern portion exhibits a highly resistive crust, whereas beneath Farafra northwards, moderate crustal conductivities are encountered. A comparison has been made between the resultant resistivity models with the 1° tessellated updated crust and lithospheric model of the Earth (LITHO1.0) which was developed by <em>Pasyanos, 2014</em> on the basis of seismic velocity data. The obtained results show a remarkable consistency between the resistivity models and the calculated crustal boundaries. Especially at the Kharga-Dakhla profile a clear matching can be noticed at the upper and lower boundaries of a characteristic anomaly with the Moho and LAB boundaries respectively.</p>


Author(s):  
David Vaughan

Minerals are the fundamental components of the Earth. ‘The mineral world’ describes the fields of mineralogy and crystallography that study them. There are approximately 4,400 known minerals, but the ‘big ten’ minerals that are most abundant in the rocks of the Earth’s crust and Upper Mantle are calcite, quartz, olivines, pyroxenes, amphiboles, muscovite, biotite, orthoclase, albite, and anorthite. The two essential characteristics of any mineral are its chemical composition and its crystal structure. Minerals can be assigned to one of seven crystal classes depending on their elements of symmetry. There is further subdivision into 32 crystal classes. Minerals are classified by chemical composition into mineral groups such as silicates, and carbonates.


Author(s):  
А.Г. Григорян ◽  
Д.А. Лиходеев

Актуальность работы. Изучение изменений локального геомагнитного поля с целью выявления предвестников сильных землетрясений, особенно в сейсмоактивных регионах, где расположены большие города и объекты особо важного значения (АЭС, водохранилище и т.п.) остается одной из главных задач современной науки. В разных странах мира, используя магнитометрические методы, проводятся исследования по поиску предвестников сильных землетрясений. Цель. Однако, за первую половину XX века, несмотря на отдельные попытки ученых Японии и других стран, серьезных результатов достичь не удалось. Установлено, что с развитием геодинамических процессов в земной коре, особенно при подготовке сильных землетрясений, происходят изменения в магнитных свойствах горных пород (электропроводности, диэлектрической и магнитной проницаемости). Геомагнитные вариации, создаваемые внешним источником, несут в себе важную информацию об изменениях в физических свойствах в земной коры и верхней мантии, а так же позволяют оценить эти изменения. Методы. Представлена методика, которая позволяет с помощью изучения вариаций локального геомагнитного поля, создаваемых внешним источником, выявить изменения в электропроводности на разных глубинах земной коры и верхней мантии, связанные с развитием геодинамических процессов. С этой целью использован расчетный параметр N(A), который является отношением амплитуд вариаций геомагнитного поля внешнего происхождения, измеренных синхронно на разных парах станций. Изучены вариации с периодами 1025, 3060 минут и Sq-вариации. Метод применяется в низкоширотных областях Земли, где вариации переменного геомагнитного поля хорошо выделяются. Результаты. Используя предлагаемую методику, на территории Армении были выявлены аномальные изменения локального отклика геомагнитного поля перед Парванийским 1986 г. (М5,4) и Спитакским 1988 г. (М7,0) землетрясениями. Предполагается, что причинами изменений в физических свойств геологической среды в частности электропроводности, являются дегазация Земли и вертикальная фильтрация флюидов в верхние слои земной коры Relevance. The study of local geomagnetic field changes in order to identify harbingers of strong earthquakes, especially in seismically active regions where large cities and especially important objects (nuclear power plants, a storage reservoir, etc.) are located remains one of the main tasks of modern science. In different countries studies are being conducted to search for precursors of strong earthquakes, using magnetometric methods. Aim. However, for the first half of the 20th century, despite some attempts by scientists from Japan and other countries, no serious results were obtained. It has been established that with the progress of geodynamic processes in the earths crust, especially during the preparation of strong earthquakes, changes in the magnetic properties of rocks (electrical conductivity, dielectric and magnetic permeability) occur. However, geomagnetic variations created by an external source carry important information about changes in physical properties, in particular, electrical conductivity in the earths crust to the upper mantle, and make it possible to evaluate these changes. Methods. A technique that allows to identify changes in electrical conductivity at different depths of the earths crust and upper mantle associated with the development of the geodynamic process, using the study of local geomagnetic field variations created by an external source, is presented. For this purpose, parameter N(A), which is the ratio of the amplitudes of variations of the geomagnetic field of external origin, measured synchronously at different pairs of stations, was used. Variations with periods of 10-25, 30-60 minutes and Sq-variations were studied. The method is used in low latitude areas of the Earth, where variations of the variable geomagnetic field stand out well. Results. Anomalous changes in the local geomagnetic field were revealed in Armenia before the Parvania 1986 (M 5.4) and Spitak 1988 (M 7.0) earthquakes, using the proposed methodology. It is assumed that the causes of changes in the physical properties of the geological environment, in particular, electrical conductivity, are most likely to be the degassing of the Earth and the vertical filtration of fluids into the upper layers of the earths crust


2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aki Ito ◽  
Yojiro Yamamoto ◽  
Ryota Hino ◽  
Daisuke Suetsugu ◽  
Hiroko Sugioka ◽  
...  

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