Renal and extrarenal regulation of body fluid composition

2022 ◽  
pp. 411-443
Author(s):  
David L. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Fluid Composition

scholarly journals Effect of high-salt diet on blood pressure and body fluid composition in patients with type 1 diabetes: randomized controlled intervention trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e001039
Author(s):  
Eliane F E Wenstedt ◽  
Nienke M G Rorije ◽  
Rik H G Olde Engberink ◽  
Kim M van der Molen ◽  
Youssef Chahid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Systemic Vascular Resistance ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
High Salt Diet ◽  
Salt Diet

IntroductionPatients with type 1 diabetes are susceptible to hypertension, possibly resulting from increased salt sensitivity and accompanied changes in body fluid composition. We examined the effect of a high-salt diet (HSD) in type 1 diabetes on hemodynamics, including blood pressure (BP) and body fluid composition.Research design and methodsWe studied eight male patients with type 1 diabetes and 12 matched healthy controls with normal BP, body mass index, and renal function. All subjects adhered to a low-salt diet and HSD for eight days in randomized order. On day 8 of each diet, extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) and plasma volume were calculated with the use of iohexol and 125I-albumin distribution. Hemodynamic measurements included BP, cardiac output (CO), and systemic vascular resistance.ResultsAfter HSD, patients with type 1 diabetes showed a BP increase (mean arterial pressure: 85 (5) mm Hg vs 80 (3) mm Hg; p<0.05), while BP in controls did not rise (78 (5) mm Hg vs 78 (5) mm Hg). Plasma volume increased after HSD in patients with type 1 diabetes (p<0.05) and not in controls (p=0.23). There was no significant difference in ECFV between diets, while HSD significantly increased CO, heart rate (HR) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in type 1 diabetes but not in controls. There were no significant differences in systemic vascular resistance, although there was a trend towards an HSD-induced decrease in controls (p=0.09).ConclusionsIn the present study, patients with type 1 diabetes show a salt-sensitive BP rise to HSD, which is accompanied by significant increases in plasma volume, CO, HR, and NT-proBNP. Underlying mechanisms for these responses need further research in order to unravel the increased susceptibility to hypertension and cardiovascular disease in diabetes.Trial registration numbersNTR4095 and NTR4788.

scholarly journals Feasibility of Assessing Sodium-Associated Body Fluid Composition in End-Stage Renal Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-252
Author(s):  
Maya N. Clark-Cutaia ◽  
Nathaniel Reisinger ◽  
Maria Rita Anache ◽  
Kara Ramos ◽  
Marilyn S. Sommers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage Renal Disease ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage

scholarly journals Evaluating Hyponatremia in Non-Diabetic Uremic Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Tso Yan ◽  
Chih-Jen Cheng ◽  
Hsiu-Yuan Wang ◽  
Chwei-Shiun Yang ◽  
Sheng-Jeng Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
High Water ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Dialysis Adequacy ◽  
Hand Grip ◽  
Uremic Patients

BackgroundAn approach to hyponatremia in uremic patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) necessitates the assessment of intra-cellular fluid volume (ICV) and extracellular volume (ECV). The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of plasma sodium (Na+) concentration and body fluid composition and identify the causes of hyponatremia in non-diabetic PD patients.MethodsSixty non-diabetic uremic patients on PD were enrolled. Baseline body fluid composition, biochemistry, hand-grip test, peritoneal membrane characteristics, dialysis adequacy, Na+and water balance, and residual renal function (RRF) were measured. These parameters were reevaluated for those who developed hyponatremia, defined as serum Na+concentration < 132 mmol/L and a decline in serum Na+> 7 mmol/L, during monthly visits for 1 year. Body fluid composition was determined by multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance (BIA).ResultsThere was no significant correlation between serum Na+concentrations and any other parameters except a negative correction with overnight ultrafiltration (UF) amount ( p = 0.02). The ICV/ECV ratio was positively correlated with serum albumin ( p < 0.005) and hand grip strength ( p < 0.05). Over 1 year, 9 patients (M:F = 3:6, aged 35 – 77) with 4 different etiologies of hyponatremia were identified. Hyponatremic patients with a body weight (BW) loss had either an increased ICV/ECV ratio associated with primarily a negative Na+balance ( n = 2) or a reduced ratio of ICV/ECV associated with malnutrition ( n = 2). In contrast, hyponatremic patients with a BW gain had either a reduced ICV/ECV ratio associated with a rapid loss of RRF and a higher peritoneal permeability ( n = 2) or a normal to increased ICV/ECV ratio associated with high water intake ( n = 3).ConclusionBesides BW change and ultrafiltration rate, the assessment of ICV/ECV ratio is valuable in identifying the etiologies of hyponatremia in PD and provides a guide for optimal therapy.

Diverse mechanisms for body fluid regulation in teleost fishes

2014 ◽  
Vol 307 (7) ◽  
pp. R778-R792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshio Takei ◽  
Junya Hiroi ◽  
Hideya Takahashi ◽  
Tatsuya Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Teleost Fishes ◽  
Endocrine Control ◽  
Ion Regulation ◽  
Teleost Species ◽  
Fluid Regulation ◽  
Body Fluid Regulation

Teleost fishes are the major group of ray-finned fishes and represent more than one-half of the total number of vertebrate species. They have experienced in their evolution an additional third-round whole genome duplication just after the divergence of their lineage, which endowed them with an extra adaptability to invade various aquatic habitats. Thus their physiology is also extremely diverse compared with other vertebrate groups as exemplified by the many patterns of body fluid regulation or osmoregulation. The key osmoregulatory organ for teleosts, whose body fluid composition is similar to mammals, is the gill, where ions are absorbed from or excreted into surrounding waters of various salinities against concentration gradients. It has been shown that the underlying molecular physiology of gill ionocytes responsible for ion regulation is highly variable among species. This variability is also seen in the endocrine control of osmoregulation where some hormones have distinct effects on body fluid regulation in different teleost species. A typical example is atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); ANP is secreted in response to increased blood volume and acts on various osmoregulatory organs to restore volume in rainbow trout as it does in mammals, but it is secreted in response to increased plasma osmolality, and specifically decreases NaCl, and not water, in the body of eels. The distinct actions of other osmoregulatory hormones such as growth hormone, prolactin, angiotensin II, and vasotocin among teleost species are also evident. We hypothesized that such diversity of ionocytes and hormone actions among species stems from their intrinsic differences in body fluid regulation that originated from their native habitats, either fresh water or seawater. In this review, we summarized remarkable differences in body fluid regulation and its endocrine control among teleost species, although the number of species is still limited to substantiate the hypothesis.

Body Fluid Composition

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 141-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jain
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Fluid Composition

Effect of circulating vasopressin on arterial pressure regulation in rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (1) ◽  
pp. H209-H218 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Pawloski ◽  
N. M. Eicker ◽  
L. M. Ball ◽  
M. L. Mangiapane ◽  
G. D. Fink
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Autonomic Cardiovascular Control

It has been hypothesized that moderately increased blood levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP) contribute to the development and/or maintenance of hypertension. In this study, male Sprague-Dawley rats on a fixed 1 meq daily sodium intake received 10-day intravenous infusions of 0.2 and 2.0 ng.kg-1.min-1 AVP. The higher infusion rate was above the acute vasoconstrictor threshold for AVP administration and also produced a maximal antidiuretic effect. During chronic AVP administration, however, daily mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and body fluid composition were not changed, despite a maintained antidiuresis. To test the hypothesis that circulating AVP failed to cause hypertension as a result of sensitization of the baroreflex or a direct sympathoinhibitory effect of the peptide, additional experiments were performed in rats subjected to sinoaortic denervation (SAD) or ablation of the area postrema (APX). Infusion of AVP for 10 days into SAD or APX rats caused a sustained antidiuresis but did not change arterial pressure, heart rate, or body fluid composition. In all groups of rats, the depressor response to ganglionic blockade (20 mg/kg hexamethonium) was used to estimate the autonomic component of resting arterial pressure; no change in autonomic cardiovascular control was found using this method in any of the groups during AVP infusion. Long-term elevation of plasma AVP in rats, therefore, does not cause hypertension or significantly affect autonomic regulation of arterial pressure.

Bioelectrical Impedance and Hemodialysis

1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 700-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mandolfo ◽  
M. Farina ◽  
E. Imbasciati
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Distribution Volume ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Dialysis Session ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Urea Distribution Volume

Bioimpedance is a simple and non-invasive method of assessing body fluid composition. The aim of our study was to evaluate the reliability of impedance: a) to measure urea distribution volume considered to be coextensive with total body water (TBW); b) to assess the changes in body fluid compartments before and after dialysis; c) to predict hypotensive episodes. In twelve hemodialysis patients, TBW measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) before a dialysis session was significantly correlated with the urea distribution volume estimated by dialysis direct quantification (r=0.64, p < 0.05) and with TBW calculated by the Watson equation (r=0.65, p < 0.05). Anthropometric values were, on average, 4.8% higher. TBW measured by BIA at the end of treatment overestimated fluid losses induced by ultrafiltration by 14% to 70%, while TBW 6 h after dialysis reflected the weight losses. On line BIA during hemodialysis has a very low positive predictive value (41.6%) and poor sensitivity (66%) for the prediction of hypotension. In conclusion, BIA is helpful in assessing the urea distribution volume but is not reliable for assessing acute fluid changes nor for predicting hypotensive episodes related to hemodialysis.

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